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Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences Research Article 26 min read

Introducing Covid-19 as an Evolutionary Metabolic Infecious Disease (EMID): The Prime Cause and Representing Alternative Treatment for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)

Niknamian S*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2689-7822  10.23880/oajmms-16000127  Received: August 06, 2020  Published: September 07, 2020
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Keywords
COVID-19 Mitochondria Cyclotron Resonance Frequency MMP Royal Raymond Rife Protocol Ultrasound Energy LFMF ELF-EMF Immunodeficiency Immune Response Protein Mismatch in COVID-19
Abstract

Background: Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. The outbreak was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. Introduction: Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae; order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria. They are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32kilobases. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC43. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections.

Introduction

Coronaviruses

Coronaviruses are a group of related viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans, coronaviruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal. Mild illnesses include some cases of the common cold, while more lethal varieties can cause SARS, MERS, and COVID-19 [1, 2, 3]. There are yet to be vaccines or antiviral drugs to prevent or treat human coronavirus infections [2]. The 2019-2020 coronavirus pandemic is an ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2019 (SARS-CoV-2) [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. The outbreak of COVID-2019 was identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 [8], declared to be a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and recognized as a pandemic on 11 March 2020 [9, 10]. Coronaviruses are the subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, within the family of Coronaviridae; order Nidovirales, and realm Riboviria [5, 6]. They are enveloped viruses with a positive- sense single-stranded RNA genome and a nucleocapsid of helical symmetry [8]. The genome size of coronaviruses is approximately from 26 to 32kilobases [7]. Coronaviruses were first discovered in the 1930s and Human coronaviruses were discovered in the 1960s [10]. The earliest ones studied were from human patients with the common cold, which were later named human coronavirus 229E and human coronavirus OC4 [11]. Other human coronaviruses have since been identified, including SARS-CoV in 2003, HCoV NL63 in 2004, HKU1 in 2005, MERS-CoV in 2012, and SARS-CoV-2 in 2019. Most of these have involved serious respiratory tract infections [9, 10, 11]. Human Body Frequency and Diseases Every single particle from non-living small particles to human body (eukaryotic cells and organs) has their own spectacular frequency or vibration every single cell in human body has repeating vibration or frequency measured in Hz. Higher frequency in the body, results in high immune system and health. normal healthy human body has a frequency of 62-72 MHz When the body drops below this frequency, we the immune system suppresses, human cells sends abnormal signals between Mitochondrion and Nucleus, contamination by viral, bacterial and many diseases occurs [12, 13, 14]. For example, if the normal/healthy human body frequency drops to 58 MHz, then the body will likely to get cold, flu and many parasitic like viral and bacterial diseases. The lower the frequency, the higher possibility for infectious diseases [15].

The Role of Mitochondria as the Prime Cause of COVID-19

COVID-19 like Influenza Virus-has 8 RNA segments which can be packaged in different ways when they infect birds, pigs, or humans. [Biology & Physics at KITP. By Terry Hipsher] Coronaviruses are large pleomorphic spherical particles with bulbous surface projections [16]. The average diameter of the virus particles is around 120nm (.12μm). The diameter of the envelope is ~80nm (.08μm) and the spikes are ~20nm (.02μm) long. The envelope of the virus in electron micrographs appears as a distinct pair of electron dense shells [17, 18]. The viral envelope consists of a lipid bilayer where the membrane (M), envelope (E) and spike (S) structural proteins are anchored [19]. Inside the envelope, there is the nucleocapsid, which is formed from multiple copies of the nucleocapsid (N) protein, which are bound to the positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome in a continuous beads-on-a-string type conformation [20, 21]. The lipid bilayer envelope, membrane proteins, and nucleocapsid protect the virus when it is outside the host cell [22]. The structure of COVID-19 is so rigid and has very powerful against many antiviral and antimicrobial detergents like alcohol since the outer layer of the virus is lipid and cannot be solved in alcohol based materials.

Based on our calculations, the genome size of COVID-19 as mentioned is from 26 to 32 Kilobases (basepair [bp]). 26Kilopaepair: 26000kilobasepair [kb], 0.026megabasepair [Mb], 0.000026Gigabasepair [Gb], 8666.666667amino acid [aa], 8666.666667codon and 32Kilobases means: 32000kilobasepair [kb], 0.032megabasepair [Mb], 0.000032gigabasepair [Gb], 10666.666667amino acid [aa], 10666.666667 codon. As you observe, the codon and amino- acids of COVID-19 are similar which is very rare in Viruses. When the Codon is similar to amino acid number it is called Codon Mismatch which we observe in COVID-19.

Mitochondria are the targets of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are produced inside a cell during viral infections, and that mtDNA is a major target of these ROS [23]. Mitochondrial ATP generation requires proteins from the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. ROS disrupt the oxidative production of ATP, which is required for normal cellular function, because damage of mtDNA disrupts the normal synthesis of proteins needed for mitochondria function and making them suitable targets for attack by ROS produced during infections by viruses and other microorganisms, although ROS also have other cellular targets. In HIV and hepatitis C virus infections, oxidative stress (OS) always plays a dominant pathogenic role. Peterhen and other researchers showed that almost all viruses (DNA/RNA viruses) cause cell death by generating oxidative stress in infected cells [24, 25, 26]. The OS generated during chronic hepatitis is associated with hepatic damage, a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) and decrease in plasma and hepatic zinc concentration [27, 28].

A loss of the MMP leads to imbalances in the membrane potentials of the IM and OM, and then to arrest of normal cellular biosynthetic function and bioenergetics, and finally to a “crisis” within the cell. A loss of the MMP also leads to release of several proapoptotic proteins from the IMS, such as Cyt C and Smac/DIABLO, as well as caspase independent death effectors, such as apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and endonuclease G (EndoG) [9], which have important roles in caspase-independent and caspase-dependent cell death [29, 30, 31, 32]. The MMP transition occurs during the pathogenesis of exogenous factors (e.g., viral proteins, toxins, and prooxidants [33, 34]). A prolonged loss of the MMP leads to serious cell damage, from which the cell cannot recover. Therefore, in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, any viral factor that influences the MMP has a major impact on cell fate, either by inducing or by blocking cell death [35].

In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on the role of the MMP in disease and health. Thus, several recent models based on in vivo and in vitro studies explain the mechanisms underlying the maintenance and loss of the MMP. A loss of the MMP by any mechanism leads to functional and structural collapse of the mitochondria and cell death [35]. A recent study for first time has shown that dengue virus (DV) infection of human hepatoma cell line (HepG2) leads alteration in the bio-energetic function of mitochondrial morphology leading to MMP loss [28]. The alteration in respiratory properties of HepG2 cells in DV infection results due to decrease in respiratory control ratio (PCR) and ADP/O ratio, which suggest significant alteration in mitochondrial morphology. Another additional feature observed by an increase in proton leak termed mitochondrial uncoupling which occurs by leaking of protons through FoF1 ATP synthase from inner membrane into matrix resulting in decrease in MMP loss. Thus, creating an imbalance in ATP synthesis ultimately affects the bio-energetic functions of cell. The biochemical mitochondrial damage induced in cell infected with HCV showed that E1 Protein together with core and NS3 are responsible for ROS production. Core and NS3 induce NO production which causes MMP loss by opening of transition pore [32]. NO could also interact with another free radical superoxide (O2-) to form strong peroxynitrite anion (ONOO-), which irreversibly inhibits multiple respiratory complexes (complexes I, II and IV) and aconitase, and activate proton leak and permeability transition pore [30, 31]. Therefore, interfering with energy metabolism by disrupting the ATP synthesis of cell results in modulation of mitochondrial function.

Effects of Viral Infections on Mitochondrial Processes

Mitochondria undergo a number of processes, such as fusion and fission, in normally functioning healthy cells. However, when mitochondria develop abnormalities, the cell can destroy it by the process of mitophagy [32]. Cells typically eliminate unhealthy mitochondria by mitochondrial fission; they typically use mitochondrial fusion to recycle matrix metabolites, including mtDNA and mitochondrial membranes, for the assembly of new and healthy mitochondria. Therefore, these three processes mitophagy, fission, and fusion are interlinked, and they all play prominent roles in maintaining healthy cells [33]. Mitophagy plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, but can also eliminate healthy mitochondria in cases such as cell starvation, viral invasion, and erythroid cell differentiation [34, 35]. The mitochondrial fusion and fission are highly dynamic. Viruses interfere with these processes to distort mitochondrial dynamic to facilitate their proliferation. Thus, interfering with these processes promotes the interference of different cellular signaling pathways [36, 37, 38]. New castal virus (NDV) uses strategy that interferes with P62-mediated mitophagy to promote viral propagation. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) escapes the innate immune response by translocating its ORF-9b to mitochondria and promotes proteosomal degradation of dynamin-like protein (Drp1) leading to mitochondrial fission. However, still more studies are needed to explain the exact role of mitophagy in the viral disease pathogenesis, which regulates the cell death process. For the best results of treatment with EMF Foletti A, et al. [38] demonstrated that biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields may penetrate into deeper tissues [39].

Discussion

The main aim of this research is to obtain the most possible positive biophysical treatment method instead of viral vaccination against COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2) and introducing The Role of Mitochondria as the prime cause of COVID-19 which has been ignored in causing this pandemic fatal disease. Also we aim to predict the future of new virus after the pandemic of COVID-19.

As discussed before in the introduction session, the most destructive way of viruses is to reduce Reactive Oxygen Species and free radicals in human contaminated cell which cause inflammation in a host cell. ELF-EMF changes the free radical levels in the organism. Free radicals in the body are eliminated through two pathways. The first pathway is the non-enzymatic pathway including glutathione, vitamins, carotenoids and flavonoids, while the second pathway relies on the activity of the enzyme, which is the most effective pathway. The key enzymes include catalase and superoxide dismutase. ELF-EMF converts free radicals into less active molecules and eliminates them [40, 41]. Foletti A, et al. [38] showed biological effects of low-frequency magnetic fields may penetrate into deeper tissues. Therefore; in order to gain the best results, is to use Low Frequency Magnetic Fields (LFMF) which had been tested and demonstrated by Royal Raymond Rife in 1920 [42]. There are several studies shoes LFMF benefits in killing viruses as well as enhancing the immune system functions [43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50]. Foletti A, et al. [38] showed EMF of intermediate frequency was effective in arresting the growth of cells. Kirson E, et al. [49] demonstrated that this direct inhibitory effect on cell growth can be used for therapeutic purposes in the treatment of viral infections including Virions [51, 52].

G. SCHERBA et al. used Ultrasonic Energy on feline herpesvirus type 1 and feline calicivirus which infects cat’s respiratory organ they used 26 kHz of -212.3 dB (re: 1 V/, uPa) [53]. Their research reached positive results on the treatment of these viruses. In 1980s, Robach Y, et al. [54]; Cerf R [55], demonstrated that ultrasonic energy can be absorbed by viruses and terminated them when use appropriately. This means viruses are sensitive to Ultrasonic energy.

In 2000, Babincová M, et al. [56] hypothesized that viruses can be inactivated by generating the corresponding resonance ultrasound vibrations of viruses, which is in the GHz region. Based on this hypothesis. Dykeman EC, et al. [57] started investigating the vibrational modes of viruses in this frequency range [58]. Dykeman EC, et al. [59] (did two major researches), Tsen KT, et al. [60]; Liu TM, et al. [61, 62] did the same research and reached positive results.

Dipolar mode of the confined acoustic vibrations (CAVs) inside viruses can be resonantly excited by microwaves of the same frequency with a resonant microwave absorption effect [63]. The observed microwave resonance absorption phenomenon indicates a possible structure-resonant energy transfer (SRET) effect from electromagnetic waves (EM waves) to CAVs of viruses. Theoretically this SRET process is an efficient way to excite the vibrational mode of the whole virus structure due to a 100% energy conversion of a photon into a phonon of the same frequency, but the overall SRET efficiency is also related to the mechanical properties of the surrounding environment [64], which influences the quality factor of the oscillator (virus). A study on the SRET efficiency to inactive virus is thus highly desired and it will determine if this SRET phenomenon provides a solution to inactivate airborne viruses in open public for epidemic prevention. Applied microwave frequency of 7GHz in many airborne viruses, the applied average microwave power density was 308 W/m2, corresponding to an effective electric field of 167 V/m inside the specimens. They also showed that the frequency of 7 GHz, can cause resonance in all examined viruses, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and many types of viruses including influenza A virus. They also concluded that structure-resonant energy transfer effect from microwaves to virus can be efficient enough so that airborne viruses were inactivated with reasonable microwave power density is safe for the open public. Their data demonstrates that all the viruses discussed in Szu-Chi Yang experiment has Virion structure and possibly can be experiment in reducing the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 and even inactivate and cause resonance which yields in the destroying the structure of the COVID-19.

The first large scale application of ultrasound was around World War II. Sonar systems were being built and used to navigate submarines. It was realized that the high intensity ultrasound waves that they were using were heating and killing fish. This led to research in tissue heating and healing effects. Since the 1940s, ultrasound has been used by physical and occupational therapists for therapeutic effects [53]. Unfortunately, there are many studies and researches has been done on Microbial Infections, hence; there has been small researches in the field of Viral Infection prevention and treatments, specially Virions like SARS- CoV-1, MERS and Influenza viruses which attack respiratory organs and has not been any antiviral vaccines introduced since these viruses mutates very quickly and adaptable to the environment and their hosts.

In conclusion, both low-frequency magnetic fields and Ultrasonic Energy Therapy were useful against many Viral and mostly on Bacterial diseases.

Calculating Natural Frequency of SARS-CoV-2

The neglected aspect of killing Virions including SARS- CoV-2 is causing resonance in viruses. Viruses only becomes powerful inside the body of the host and outside the living hosts they are like nonliving particles. Let’s assume COVID-19 as a mechanical system or small particle like a ball. The natural frequency of a simple mechanical system consisting of a weight suspended by a spring is: The natural frequency of a simple mechanical system consisting of a weight suspended by a spring is:

[equation]

A swing set is a simple example of a resonant system with which most people have practical experience. It is a form of pendulum. If the system is excited (pushed) with a period between pushes equal to the inverse of the pendulum’s natural frequency, the swing will swing higher and higher, but if excited at a different frequency, it will be difficult to move. The resonance frequency of a pendulum, the only frequency at which it will vibrate, is given approximately, for small displacements, by the equation:

[equation]

where g is the acceleration due to gravity (about 9.8 m/ s2 near the surface of Earth), and L is the length from the pivot point to the center of mass. (An elliptic integral yields a description for any displacement). Note that, in this approximation, the frequency does not depend on mass. Mechanical resonators work by transferring energy repeatedly from kinetic to potential form and back again. In the pendulum, for example, all the energy is stored as gravitational energy (a form of potential energy) when the bob is instantaneously motionless at the top of its swing.

Figure 1: Example of increase of amplitude as damping decreases and frequency approaches resonant frequency of a driven damped simple harmonic oscillator [54,55].
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Example of increase of amplitude as damping decreases and frequency approaches resonant frequency of a driven damped simple harmonic oscillator [54,55].

This energy is proportional to both the mass of the bob and its height above the lowest point. As the bob descends and picks up speed, its potential energy is gradually converted to kinetic energy (energy of movement), which is proportional to the bob’s mass and to the square of its speed. When the bob is at the bottom of its travel, it has maximum kinetic energy and minimum potential energy. The same process then happens in reverse as the bob climbs towards the top of its swing. Some resonant objects have more than one resonance frequency, particularly at harmonics (multiples) of the strongest resonance. It will vibrate easily at those frequencies, and less so at other frequencies [54, 55]. We have to mention that calculating the resonance of the virus with this method is not possible since we have to produce a spring in nm to calculate the resonance of event giant viruses.

Based on research by JM Kim in ‎2020, particle size (COVID-19) ranged from 70-90nm. Therefore; the radius of the virus is between 35-45 nm. Since the virus as spherical, we can calculate the volume, approximate surface and ….

Figure 2: Spherical shape. r=radius, V=volume, A=surface area, C=circumference, π=pi=3.1415926535898, √=square root.
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Spherical shape. r=radius, V=volume, A=surface area, C=circumference, π=pi=3.1415926535898, √=square root.

As we know the genome size of coronaviruses ranges from approximately 26 to 32 kilobases. Therefore: 1. To gain the resonance frequency of the virus, we did the following calculations: Radius: r = 35 mm = 3.5e-5 nm, volume: V = 1.8×10-13 mm3, surface area: A = 1.54×10-8 mm2 Therefore, due to M = 4/3⋅π⋅r³⋅mD formula, the mass of virus is: 4/3. π⋅35³ = 1.7959438e-26 Nomogram. Therefore; the energy of our system based on the calculations above for COVID-19 with Radius of 35-45 nm equals: 30 KHz-500 KHz. This is the approximate resonance frequency of the virus. 2. In order to gain the Codon and the number of Amino- Acids of Coronavirus we did the following calculations:

Radius: 45 mm=4.5e-7 nm, Volume: V≈3.82×10-23 mm3, Surface area: A≈2.54×10-12. Therefore, due to M=4/3⋅π⋅r³⋅mD formula, the mass of virus is: 3.8170351e-26.

The genome size of coronaviruses including COVID-19 ranges from approximately 26 to 32kilobases. In 26bp: amino acid [aa]: 8.666667 and codon: 8.666667. In 32 bp we have: amino acid [aa]: 10.666667 and codon: 10.666667.

As we observe, Coronaviruses number of amino-acids are equals their codons. Which means Ka/Ks ratio (also known as ω or dN/dS ratio) equals 1 (One). This result proves that Coronaviruses including COVID-19 use Neutral Selection along with Natural Selection introduced by Charles Darwin and Lamarckian Evolution [65]. We have measured the frequency of COVID-19 by Cyclotron (Synchrocyclotron). Therefore; the result is: 30 KHz-500 KHz which has no side effects in human cells since The most restrictive limits on whole-body exposure are in the frequency range of 30- 300 MHz where the human body absorbs RF energy most efficiently when the whole body is exposed [66].

The Impact of Human Body Frequency on Health

The total number of human cells at anywhere is from 15 trillion to 724 trillion [D. C. Savage. 1977]. As mentioned before, normal healthy human body has a frequency of 62-72MHz Therefore to find the normal frequency of each living human cell we reach; 62 MHz/15 Trillion=4.13333333×10-6 hertz (Approximately 4.1×10-6hertz), 72 MHz/15 Trillion=4.8×10-6hertz, 62 MHz/724 Trillion=8.56353591×10-8 hertz (Approximately 8.5 × 10-8 hertz), 72MHz/724 Trillion=9.94475138×10-8 hertz (Approximately 10×10-8 hertz [66, 67].

Result

Based on our research, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2, 2019-Coronavirus) genome/size is between 26-32Kilobases. With our approximate mathematical calculations, the virus volume is between 1.8×10-13 mm3-V≈3.82×10-23.

Based on Hemida MG, et al. [68], the virus genome sequence includes SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV which shows the virus used genetic drift (Sewall Wright effect) with help of natural selection to become more vital, adaptable to the environment including human/mammalian/ Birds host. MERS-CoV (Middle East respiratory syndrome) can tolerate high temperature environment because these mammal’s habitat is deserts. Therefore we cannot forecast the pandemic ends with higher temperature of the environment (Due to this result and also Lamarckian Evolution). We have also measured the frequency of COVID-19 by Cyclotron and calculated the resonance frequency of COVID-19. The result is: 30 KHz-500 KHz which has not negative effects on human health and cells or organs.

Conclusion

In this research, we have gone through most viral infection treatment through history and also did some researches on finding the magnetic field of the virus by Cyclotron. There had found no evidence supporting positive impact of coronavirus and Influenza contamination vaccinations until today which really heal the patient forever in his lifetime. The major cause of COVID-19 is loss of the MMP in mitochondria which leads to imbalances in the membrane potentials of the IM and OM, and then to arrest of normal cellular biosynthetic function and bioenergetics, and finally called crisis within the cell. Therefore, in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, any viral factor that influences the MMP has a major impact on cell fate, either by inducing or by blocking cell death. Also we have observed that the number of Amino Acids and Capsids in COVID-19 are the same which is called Protein Mismatch which is influential. However; there are some treatments have been mentioned in this article. Ultrasound Energy which have been used for decades to destroy mainly bacteria, but have been useful in destroying many viruses as well. We in introduced ELF-EMF that convert free radicals into less active molecules and eliminate them into two pathways which have been discussed in the discussion part. Using ELF-EMF affects the second pathway that relies on the activity of the catalase and superoxide dismutase enzymes which is the most effective pathway. To gain the best result in treatment, we should use low-frequency magnetic fields (LFMF) plus EMF which penetrate into deeper tissues, cells and mitochondria in order to reduce ROS and Inflammation. In order to destroy SARS-CoV-2 virus in environment and also in infected individuals, we should use ELF-EMF plus LFMF. We also have gone through many researches since 1920 and found if we emit the frequency as the same frequency of COVID-19, it can cause resonance in the virus and destroy it. So we measured the SARS-CoV-2 frequency by Cyclotron and calculated the frequency of the virus that id is 30 KHz-500 KHz. The differences in the frequencies are due to the size of the virus which is from 26 to 32 Kilobases. Based on recent research in Korea, COVID-19 genomic sequence containing SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and Influenza A. Therefore; there is a possibility of the pandemic being continued even in summer.

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@article{niknamian2020,
  title   = {Introducing Covid-19 as an Evolutionary Metabolic Infecious
Disease (EMID): The Prime Cause and Representing Alternative
Treatment for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)},
  author  = {Niknamian S},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences},
  year    = {2020},
  volume  = {3},
  number  = {2},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajmms-16000127}
}
Niknamian S (2020). Introducing Covid-19 as an Evolutionary Metabolic Infecious
Disease (EMID): The Prime Cause and Representing Alternative
Treatment for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2). Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmms-16000127
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Introducing Covid-19 as an Evolutionary Metabolic Infecious
Disease (EMID): The Prime Cause and Representing Alternative
Treatment for COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2)
AU  - Niknamian S
JO  - Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences
PY  - 2020
VL  - 3
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.23880/oajmms-16000127
ER  -