Embodying the Abstract ‘Time Variable’ of the Universe through
Thermodynamics and the Theory of Space Quantization (TSQ)

Bhattacharya C

doi:10.23880/oaja-16000142

Open Access Journal of Astronomy Research Article 10 min read

Embodying the Abstract ‘Time Variable’ of the Universe through Thermodynamics and the Theory of Space Quantization (TSQ)

Bhattacharya C^*

^* Corresponding author

ISSN: 2996-6701 10.23880/oaja-16000142 Received: November 15, 2024 Published: November 25, 2024

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47 references

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Keywords

Time Variable Universe Thermodynamics TSQ TTQG

Abstract

The world of general physics, cosmology, astronomy, and space physics has progressed rapidly with diversity and multidisciplinary research discoveries and inventions over the last two centuries. However, despite this significant advancement in science, the mystery of the physical variable ‘time,’ or what ‘time’ truly is, remained unresolved until the discovery of the Theory of Space Quantization (TSQ) or the Topological Theory of Quantum Gravity (TTQG). In this short review article, the development of the concept of time in TSQ is discussed and explained from the perspectives of topology, geometry, and thermodynamics. The impact on traditional thoughts or concepts in physics after incorporating the ‘time variable’ is also highlighted.

Abbreviations

TTQG: Topological Theory of Quantum Gravity; TSQ: Theory of Space Quantization; PBF: Pull Back Force; PFF: Push Forward Force; Tt: Temperature-time; h: Planck’s Constant.

Introduction

In science, the concepts of ‘time’ and ‘distance’ have been interwoven with each other since the very primitive age. The Earth moves around the Sun, and the duration of one complete revolution of Earth around the Sun was considered to be 24 hours. One hour was divided into minutes and seconds on an arbitrary scale by scientists collectively. However, the physical variable ‘duration’ could not be explained by mechanics, Newton’s laws of motion, quantum physics, relativity theories, and other such theories.

As a matter of fact, the universe rests on thermodynamics. All the happenings of the universe—for example, the movements of stars and planets, and human activities— are all related to ‘energy,’ which is in turn related to ‘force,’ ‘distance,’ and ‘work done.’ That is what thermodynamics is. Any proposed theory must first be justified by thermodynamics and then connected to the ‘space-time’ of the universe. Many well-established scientific theories have not been justified or scrutinized with respect to ‘space-time’ and ‘thermodynamics.’ If these were re-examined through the principles of thermodynamics and space-time, many of them would be found obsolete and would need to be abandoned or superseded by new theories.

In Newton’s laws of motion, the motions of objects have been addressed, but the surroundings or the ‘space- time’ of the universe was not considered. The Newtonian

laws of motion and the gravitational laws have never been scrutinized with respect to the laws of thermodynamics.

In TSQ, unifying the concepts of ‘thermodynamics’ and ‘space-time’ [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12], the physical variable ‘time’ has been embodied, moving away from its so-called state of abstractness.

Quantum Nature of Space

In the TSQ, the space ahead of us is shown to exist in the following equilibrium. (Direct Space) ↔ (Inverse Space or Reciprocal Space) The space is composed of ‘space points,’ and any event taking place in the direct space is reciprocated as an inverse event in the reciprocal space. In Figure 1, it is shown that if a circle is formed in the direct space by adjoining the space points, then a 2D saddle would be formed in the reciprocal space as reciprocation. The product of the areas of the circle and the 2D saddle would be unity, as shown below:

Figure 1: Direct space and reciprocal space equilibrium of universe.

( ) ( ) 2 2 Area of the circle Area of the 2D saddle 1/ 1.00 r r π π    =  ×     (1) The circle (radius r) and the 2D-saddle are multiplicative inverse to each other since the product of the two is unity.

The physical variables like entropy, force, energy, EM –wave, space expansion, etc. in the forms of quantum (of different topology or geometry) belong to the direct space of the universe and the physical variables like order, time, mass, squeezing EM-waves, space inversion in the similar fashion belong to the reciprocal space of the universe.

The geometries of the entire space quantum as revealed through TSQ are shown in Figure 2 below:

Figure 2: Geometries of the entire space quantum.

Evolution of the Dimension and Topology of ‘Time’ Variable of the Universe

In TSQ any physical variable of the universe has to be defined in a tripartite fashion in regard to its physics of formation, mathematical expression and the geometrical shape as shown below in Figure 3.

Figure 3: Physics of formation, mathematical expression and the geometrical shape.

The theories of conventional physics though dealt with numerous physical variables but did never present any physical variable in the fashion as shown in Figure 3 above.

Regarding the ‘time’ variable it is to be noted that Energy , entropy and time are very much related to each other and the mathematical statement of the famous Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is Et =h (E stands for energy, t stands for time and h stands for Planck’s constant). It has been proved in TSQ that the well-known Planck’s constant is an entropy parameter only. So, (energy x time = Entropy). However, none of the research theories in physics has been able to define time in regard to energy and entropy. The underlying reason behind the same was the lack of the thinking in the line of quantized ‘time-space’ and the failure to link the subject thermodynamics with it.

The following are the salient principles of TSQ and which are to be noted as the starting point to learn what ‘time’ is? [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21].

Time is an attractive force quantum which is trying to hold the universe.
Time is a pullback force (PBF) belonging to the reciprocal space of the universe.
Temperature on the other hand is a push forward force (PFF) which is trying to elongate the universe and is a variable of the direct space.
The geometry or topology of time is a 2D saddle
The geometry or topology of temperature is a circle
Time (t) and temperature (T) are multiplicative inverse to each other such that:
Tt = 1.00
Pressure is a dimensionless parameter and which is a hybrid of PBF and PFF, such that
P = (PPF x PBF) = Tt = 1.00
The index of equilibrium and non-equilibrium of any physical or chemical phenomena of the universe is related to the product of T and t: [22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34]

Tt > 1.00 - non-equilibrium
Tt < 1.00 - non-equilibrium
Tt = 1.00 – equilibrium The equilibrium relationship between time and temperature in the form of Tt = 1.00 is being represented by Figure 4 below:

Figure 4: The equilibrium relationship between time and temperature.

In TSQ energy is represented by a 3D sphere, time is a 2D saddle and entropy is a line segment and an atom is being represented as (energy x entropy x time) as shown in Figure 5 below:

Figure 5: Typical representation of the atom in TSQ as (Energy X Entropy X Time) and state of equilibrium Tt= 1.0.

Now when the magnitude of energy is small, the sphere would be lower in size and the attractive pull of the ‘time’ 2D saddle will pull back the entropy line strongly and as a result the entropy would be under tension and would not be able to elongate. So the time saddle through the energy sphere will be pulling back entropy. So, time equated to ‘how energy is pulling pack the entropy’. The mathematical representation of ‘time’ would be equation 2, (Figure 6) ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 Time entropy / energy 3 / 4 3/ 4 2 saddle r r r D π π = = = = (2)

Figure 6: Manifestation of time variable of the universe Tt<1.0.

On the other hand when the energy sphere is larger in magnitude then in spite of the presence of the time attractive force, the energy sphere pushes forward the entropy line being the dominant force as shown in Figure 7 below:

Figure 7: Manifestation of Temperature variable of the universe, Tt > 1.

So ‘temperature’ is being defined as ‘how much or the extent to which the energy sphere pushes forward the ‘entropy’, and which is being mathematically represented by equation 3 ( ) ( ) ( ) 3 2 Temperature energy / entropy 4 / 3 4 / 3 Circle r r r π π = = = = (3) Both temperature and time are the quantum forces of the universe but these were unexplored earlier.

Changing Concepts of Physics

The defining of time in TSQ has led to the following changes in the concept of conventional physics [35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47]:

The Main Points are Highlighted only • ‘Velocity’ merges with the concept of volume.

• ‘Acceleration’ is effectively a concept of ‘space expansion’ rather than a concept of incremental velocity. Its dimension reaches from 3D to 5D.

• EM-wave turns out to be a hybrid of two force circles in its integrated form and in the differential form it resembles a typical EM-wave profile.

• The phenomenon of gravitation emerges as the result of the overlapping of two ‘inverse space expansion’ fields and the dimension is inverse 10 dimensions.

• Cold Nuclear fusion is not an experimental artifact but a real phenomenon of the universe and the dimension reaches to inverse 7 dimensions.

• All the cosmological and astronomical phenomena of the universe is being explained by a universal graviton cycle as is shown in Figure 8 below:

Conclusion

The discovery of the theory of space quantization (TSQ) has re-directed the conventional physics, cosmology, astronomy, theories of gravitation and relativities from their own positioning to a different horizon altogether. The conventional theories of physics have three options left;

Some of them have to be abandoned,
Some of them has to be superseded by the TSQ driven newer or modified form of the theories and
Some of them have to be diverted towards the concepts of TSQ for landing in a stable position and make their foot holds stronger.

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