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International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine Research Article 32 min read

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used Herbal Plants and their Potential Applications in Nutraceutical Formulations

Sharma D, Gupta R and Bhat FM
ISSN: 2576-4772  10.23880/ipcm-16000262  Received: August 09, 2023  Published: December 14, 2023
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Keywords
Medicinal Herbs Bioactive Composition Pharmalogical Properties
Abstract

Herbal plants are being used for therapeutic purposes to cure diverse forms of diseases since centuries ago. Many medicinal therapists across the world utilize these herbs for the treatment of diseases, such as ayurveda and traditional Chinese medicine. The use of herbal based medicines considered as safe with no side effects have increased at an alarming pace as compared to synthetic drugs globally. Medicinal herbs have been validated to eradicate the core of diseased ailments irrespective of age group and are having lesser chances of developing adverse effects due to chemical interactions and microbial resistance as induced by most of the synthetic drugs. Considering the multiple biological activities, which are beneficial for healthy functioning of human body including prevention of cancers, inflammations, infections, antiseptics, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal, antioxidants and innumerable healing characteristics. In this study, we assessed the potential benefits and bioactive compounds present in diverse ranges of medicinal herbs, so that it could provide a valid source for practitioners and those interested in formulation of health promoting supplements and nutraceuticals. The chemical composition of medicinal herbs not only enables a researcher to enhance health by curing a specific disease but also to preserve a formulated food product with natural based remedies. Products developed from herbal combinations have been found to reduce toxicity in human body along with improving efficacy.

Introduction

As man began to explore and expand his knowledge of plants, he discovered the healing properties of plants. He also discovered how they could be utilized to treat a variety of ailments. That has led to the development of herbal and unani medicines, which has been used to treat a variety of illnesses from thousands of years. Using the ancient wisdom of Ayurveda and the advancement of modern medical science, these novel plant-derived drugs have the potential to revolutionize the healthcare industry. Folk or traditional medicine consists of medical aspects developed over generations within a variety of societies before modern medicine took hold. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medicine is defined as a set of knowledge, skills, and practices that are derived from the theories, beliefs, and experiences of various cultures, regardless of whether they can be explained.

They are used to maintain health as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical or mental illnesses. WHO has explored about 20,000 medicinal plants all over the world to utilise these for pharmological screening and theraupatic purposes. As per the reports of WHO, 80% population in less developing and some developing countries, still rely on the medicinal herbs for treatments of ailments due to adverse economic conditions and lack of synthetic medicines.In Chile, 71% of the population consumes herbal medicine, while in Colombia, the number is 40%. In India, 65% of those living in rural areas use Ayurveda and medicinal plants for primary health care needs. Mahatma Gandhi once wrote: “Homeopathy cures a larger percentage of cases than any other form of treatment and is beyond doubt safer and more economical.

Herbal medicines are generally considered to be safe, effective and arehaving negligible side effects than synthetic drugs, and are particularly beneficial for treatment of chronic conditions. Additionally, plants often contain a variety of compounds that work together to produce therapeutic effects. This can provide a more holistic approach to healing, rather than just targeting a single cause. The use of medicinal plants dates back at least 5,000 years to the Sumerians, but the practice of herbal medicine is thought to date back as far as 60,000 years ago. Phytochemicals have been found to reduce inflammation, improve metabolic processes, and inhibit the growth of cancer cells.

They are also known to protect the body from free radical damage, which is associated with aging and chronic disease. Additionally, they can boost the immune system, reduce cholesterol, and improve overall health. The plethora of benefits from phytochemicals is similar to a multivitamin, providing the body with a variety of nutrients and health benefits essential for maintaining health and vitality. This shows the significant role that these plants play in traditional medicine in industrialized and developing nations. The global market for traditional medicine is expected to continue growing. This paper will discuss several major herbs, including Kadipatta (Murrayakoenigii), Bhavadi (Ocimumbasilicum), Bana (Vitex negundo) and Mulathi (Glycyrrhiza glabra). As you may know, these herbs have been used in herbal medicine for ages for their medicinal uses and are known to have numerous health benefits, including reducing inflammation, boosting immunity, lowering blood sugar levels, and aiding digestion. Additionally, these herbs are also believed to help protect against certain types of cancer, support liver health, and act as natural detoxifiers. But don’t forget the one benefit that everyone knows and loves - they make excellent seasoning for your cooking.

Description

Murrayakoenigii (M. koenigii) (L) Spreng (Family: Rutaceae) referred to as curry leaves [1, 2]. In tropical and subtropical regions around the world, M.koenigii is widely distributed. Murraya has 14 species worldwide, but only two, M. koenigii and M. paniculate, are available in India. Murraya specieshas a wide range of medicinal properties that make it more important than other species [3] (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Medicinal properties of some commonly used Himalayan herbs.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Medicinal properties of some commonly used Himalayan herbs.

In Indian Ayurvedic medicine, this plant has been used in a variety of ways for centuries, and is referred to as “krishnanimba”. Different parts of M. koenigiiare shown to promote a wide range of biological activities, including its leaves, roots, bark, and fruit [4]. Despite drying, M. koenigii leaves retain their aromatic bioactive constituents. M. koenigii leaves have a flavor that is faintly bitter, a pungent odor, and a weak acidity. It is used in Indian cuisine as an antihelminthic, analgesic, digestion aid, and appetizer [5]. The green leaves of M. koeigii have anti-inflammatory, itching, and anti-bruise properties, and can be used for piles, inflammation, itching, and fresh cuts (Table 1).

TaxonomyMurrayakoenigiiOcimumbasilicumVitex NegundoGlycyrrhiza
Glabra		Silybum
Marianum
KingdomPlantaePlantaePlantaePlantaePlantae
SubkingdomTracheobiontaTracheobiontaTracheobiontaTracheobiontaTracheobionta
Super divisionSpermatophytaSpermatophytaSpermatophyteSpermatophyteSpermatophyte
DivisionMagnoliophytaMagnoliophytaMagnoliophytaMagnoliophytaMagnoliophyta
ClassMagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsidaMagnoliopsida
SubclassRosidaeAsteridaeAsteridaeRosidaeAsteridae
FamilyRutaceaeLamiaceaeVerbenaceaeFabaceaeAsteraceae
GenusMurraya J. Koenig ex L.OcimumVitex Linn.GlycyrrhizaSilybum
SpeciesMurrayakoenigii (L.)
Spreng.		Ocimumbasilicum
Linn.		Vitex negundo
Linn.		Glycyrrhiza glabraSilybum
marianum

Table 1: Taxonomy classification of herbs.

A certain amount of purgative properties can be found in the roots. A common body ache can be alleviated by using them because they are stimulating. It has been found that the bark of this tree is beneficial for treating snakebites. The essential oil derived from M. koenigii leaves exhibits antioxidative, antimicrobial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and nephroprotective effects in animals Bhandari [6]. It has been hypothesized that the medicinal properties of different carbazole alkaloids are due to several chemical constituents, including terpenoids, flavonoids, and dihydropyridines, carbohydrates, carotenoids, vitamins, and nicotinic acid were obtained through multiple parts of the M. koenigii plant [7, 8].

There are many types of plants within the plant family Lamiaceae called Ocimum, most of them aromatic herbs and shrubs, such as, Ocimumbasilicum (sweet basil), O. tenuiflorum (Tulsi/holy basil), O. gratissimum (African basil), O. campechianum (Amazonian basil), etc. A number of therapeutic applications, pharmacological applications, and biomedical properties of O. basilicum have been reported. Several hundred years have passed since it was used as a medicinal plant, which is cost-effective and easy to obtain. Plants of this species are found throughout the globe, including in tropical, subtropical and temperate climate zones. They grow in India, Pakistan, Nepal (in the Himalayan tract), Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, and other locations [9]. Since this herb is widely distributed throughout the world, it can be easily found and used in everyday life for its many benefits.

Ayurvedic and Unani medicine treat the disease by using it as part of their treatment of various afflictions, both physiological and lifestyle-related. The “God of Spices” (Ocimumbasilicum) is regarded as a valuable spice in mythology, particularly for its culinary use. A number of health supplements contain basil, including those that promote and maintain health. In addition to its ornamental properties, this herb is also useful for therapeutic purposes, as a result of its wide range of pharmacological activities [10]. A plant with enormous medicinal properties, Vitex negundo (VN) is often called “chaste tree”. Different Vites species produce different phytochemicals due to their varying chemical compositions. In addition to volatile oils, flavonoids, lignans, iridoids, terpenes, and steroids, a number of bioactive compounds have been extracted from leaves, seeds, and roots [11]. There are antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anticancer, and antimicrobial properties of these bioactive compounds.

In most cases, VN modulates processes such as apoptosis, cell cycle, motility of sperms, polycystic ovary disease, and menstruation. It has been reported that VN perturbs many cancer-signaling pathways involving p38, p-ERK1/2, and p-JNK in cells stimulated by LPS, as well as N-terminal kinase (JNK), COX-1 pathways, MAPK, tumornecrosis factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and hypoxia-inducible factor [12].

A perennial herb native to Eurasia, northern Africa, and western Asia, Glycyrrhiza glabra L is in the Fabaceae family. The herb is also known as licorice, sweet wood, or mulaithi. More than 30 species are found in the Glycyrrhiza genus globally. The Latin word glaber, meaning bare or slick, is derived from the Greek words glykys, which means sweet, and rhiza, meaning root. Glabra refers to the smooth husks and is derived from the Latin word glaber. A licorice plant grows in fertile, clay, or sandy soil near a river or stream where water is readily available [13]. The medicinal benefits of licorice can be obtained from its roots and roots, which have been reported to be effective in treating digestive system disorders, respiratory tract disorders (e.g., cough and colic). As well as being used in food and beverage flavoring, it can be added to tobacco products to enhance their flavour [14].

Silybum marianum (SM) is a famous medicinal plant in the family Leucanthemum that is classified as a tree. It belongs to the genus Silybum, and its leaves are characterized by white veins. Due to its hepatoprotective properties, its seeds and fruits have been used as a natural remedy for more than 2000 years. It disperses stagnated liver qi and promotes bile flow in traditional Chinese medicine. Silymarin, a chemical compound found in the seeds of SM, has a variety of pharmacological effects, including hepatoprotective, anti- inflammatory, and antioxidant effects [15].

Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects

Murrayakoenigii (L.) Spreng. contains substantial amounts of proximate composition, including moisture at 63.2%, protein at 8.8%, carbohydrates at 39.4%, nitrogen at 1.15 %, fat at 6.15%, sugars at 18.92%, starch at 14.6%, and crude fiber at 6.8%. Many vitamins can be found in the leaves, including vitamin A (B-carotene), which is found in 6.04 mg/100 grams, vitamin B3, (niacin), which is found in 2.73 mg/100 grams, vitamin B1 (thiamin), which contains 0.89 mg/100 g of 0.89 mg with a level of calcium is found in 19.73 milligrams per 100 g, magnesium in 49.06 milligrams per 100 g, and sodium in 16.50 milligrams per 100 g. The alcohol-soluble extract has a value of 1.82%, ash has a value of 13.06% acid-insoluble ash has a value of 1.35%, cold water (20 °C) extractive has a value of 27.33%, and maximum of hot-water-soluble extractive has a value of 33.45% [16].

Ocimumbasilicum Linn. herb is extremely nutritious - apart from fats, proteins, vitamins, such as C, E, K, A, 3-carotene, vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B5 (pantothenic acid), B6, B9, and choline, it contains many secondary metabolites, including essential oils, phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, tannins, and steroids, along with minerals such as Fe, Ca, Mg, P, Mn, Na, K, and Zn. It was found that the plant contains terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, saponin, reducing sugars, cardiac glycosides, steroids, and glycosides according to a preliminary phytochemical analysis. The nutritive elements content/ 100g fresh weight were carbohydrate: 28.84, fat: 0.64 g, protein: 3.15 g, water: 92.06 g, vitamins (vitamin A:

264 μg, β-carotene: 3142 μg, thiamin: 34 μg, riboflavin: 76 μg, niacin: 902 μg, panthotenic acid: 209 μg, vitamin B6: 155 μg, vitamin B9: 68 μg, choline 11.4 mg, vitamin C 18.0 mg, vitamin E: 0.80 mg and vitamin K: 414.8 μg), and minerals (Ca: 177 mg, Fe: 3.17 mg, Mg: 64 mg, Mn: 1.148 mg, P: 56 mg, K: 295 mg, Na: 4 mg and Zn: 0.81 mg) [17, 18].

The most common flavonoid glycosides from an ethanolic extract of the leaves of Vitex negundo are 5-hydroxy-3, 6, 7-trimethoxy-2-(3, 4-dimtoxypheny)-4H-chrome-4-on and 5, 7-dihydroxy-2-(3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4H-chromen4-one. Negundoside, Agnuside, and Vitegnoside are also present in the methanolic extract. Phytosterol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid have been isolated from the bark of Vitex negundo Linn., and identified from methanol and hexane extracts. In the acetoacetate fraction of the seeds , two phenylnaphtha-lene- typelignans have been- obtained and identified as 6-hydroxy- 4-(4-hydroxy-3- methoxy-phenyl)-3-hydroxy-methyl-7- methoxy-3, 4-dihydro-2-naphthaldehyde and vitedoamine A. Leprosy, dyspepsia, colic, rheumatism, worms, boils, and rheumatism are all treated with it. The roots contain a furanoeremophilane. Methanol extracts of Vitex negundo Linn roots contain lignins that inhibit tyrosinase [19, 20].

Physicochemical analysis of Glycyrrhiza glabra roots revealed that extractive values were (petroleum ether 4.67 ± 0.23%, chloroform 10.56 ± 1.53%, n-butanol, 6.54 ± 0.84% and methanol 13.89 ± 2.42%); ash values were ( total ash 4.67 ± 0.35%, acid insoluble ash 0.56 ± 0.34% and water soluble ash 6.54 ± 0.22%); loss on drying 5.87 ± 0.65%, moisture contents 0.56 ±0.054%, pH of the extract (1% solution) 5.04 ± 0.65, pH of the extract (10% solution) 6.26 ± 0.54 [19]. Among the main compounds of Silybum marianum, flavonoids and fatty oils make up two major groups. Flavonolignans, including silybin, isosilybin, and silychristin, are the main active ingredients of SM. Silybin should constitute 0.6% of standardized SM herbs, according to the Chinese Pharmacopeia. Taxifolin, dihydrokaempferol, and quercetin are also flavonoid compounds in SM.

There are a lot of unsaturated fatty acids in SM’s fatty oil, including oleic, linoleic, and palmitic acid [20]. SM seeds are commonly extracted with silymarin, a standardized extract. It is composed of 40-65% silybin, 20-45% silychristin, and 10-20% isosilybin, constituting 70-80% of the plant’s hydro- alcoholic extract. Silymarin accounts for 70-80% of the plant’s hydro-alcoholic extract. SM dry extracts with a nominal silymarin content of 30 to 65% are listed in the European Pharmacopoeia. According to the European Pharmacopoeia and the United States National Formulary, mature fruits of SM yield no less than 1.5-2% silymarin [21]. Table 2 and Table 3 summaries the major chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of different herbs.

S.NoCompoundSupplied SynonymsFormulaMolecular
Weight(g/mol)		PubChem
CID
Murrayakoenigii (L.) Spreng.
1.Mahanine [22]
2. (3R)-3,5-dimethyl-3-(4-
methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-
pyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol		1. (R)-3,5-Dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-
3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol		C23H25NO2347.436689305
2.Mahanimbine [23]
2. 3,5-dimethyl-3-(4-
methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-
3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]
carbazole		1. 3,5-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-
pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole		C23H25NO331.4167963
2. 3,5-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-en-1-yl)-
3,11-dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazole
3.Isomahanine [24]3,8-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-
pyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol		C23H25NO2347.4375148
4.Koenimbine [25]8-Methoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl-3,11-
dihydropyrano[3,2-a]carbazole		C19H19NO2293.497487
5.Girinimbine [26]3,3,5-trimethyl-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]carbazoleC18H17NO263.396943
6.Isolongifolene [27](2S)-1,3,4,5,6,7-Hexahydro-1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-
2H-2,4a-methanonaphthalene		C15H24204.3511127402
7.Pyrayafoline D [28]3,8-dimethyl-3-(4-methylpent-3-enyl)-11H-
pyrano[3,2-a]carbazol-9-ol		C23H25NO2347.4375148
8.Murrayafoline [29]
9.Murrayazoline [30](14R,17S,19S)-3,13,13,17-
tetramethyl-21-oxa-12-azahexacyc
lo[10.7.1.12,17.05,20.06,11.014,19]henicosa-
1,3,5(20),6,8,10-hexaene		C23H25NO331.421770913
10.Koenoline [31]1-me-thoxy-3-hydroxymethylcarbazoleC14H13NO2227.26375152
11.9-formyl-3-methyl
carbazole [32,33]
12.O-Methylmurrayamine
[34-36]		9-Methoxy-3,3,5-trimethyl-11H-pyrano[3,2-a]
carbazole		C19H19NO2293.414892681
13.Koenine [37-40]3,11-Dihydro-3,3,5-trimethylpyrano[3,2-a]
carbazol-8-ol		C18H17NO2279.35318827

Table 2: Phytochemical compounds identified in different herbs.

Ocimumbasilicum Linn.
1Linalool [41,42]Linalol Phantol 3,7-dlmethyl-1 ,6-octadien-3-
ol		C10H18O154.256549
2Linalyl acetate [43]Linalool acetate BergamiolPhanteineC12HO2196.298294
3Estragole [44]4-allylanisole p-allylanisole methyl chavicolC10H12O148.28815
4Geraniol [45]Geranyl alcohol trans-GeraniolC10H18O15425637566
51,8—cineole [46-48]Eucalyptol, Cineole, Cajeputol, Zineol, 1
,8-Epoxy-p-menthane		C10H18O1542492758
6Neryl acetate [49]Neryl ethanoateC12H20O2196.291549025
7Bergamotene [50]trans-α-becgamoteneC15H24204.356429302
8Eugenol [51]Engenol Eugenic acidC10H12O2164.23314
9Methyl eugenol [52]Methyl eugenol etherC11H14O2178.237127
10Nerol [53]cis-Geraniol Neryl alcoholC10H18O15425643820
11a-Cadinol [54]alpha-CadinolC15H26O222.376431302
12Cyclohexanemethanol [55]CyclohexylcarbinolC7H14O114.197507
13a- Terpineol [56]Terpineol 1 -Menthene-8-olC10H18O1542517100
14Elemol [57]Alpha-ElemolC15H26O222.3792138
15Methyl cinnamale [58-60]Methyl 3-phenylpropenoate trans-Cinnamic
acid methyl ester (E)-Methyl cinnamate		C10H10O2162.18637520

Table 3: Pharmacological activities of different herbs.

Vitex Negundo Linn.
1Linalool [61]3,7-Dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-olC10H18O154.256549
2Vanillic acid [62]3-Methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acidC8H8O4168.158468
3Casticin [63]5-hydroxy-2-(3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-3,6,7-
trimethoxychromen-4-one		C19H18O8374.35315263
4Luteolin [64]2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-
chromen-4-one		C15H10O6286.245280445
5Leucoanthocyanidin [65]2-(3,4,5-Trihydroxyphenyl)chromane-3,4,5,7-tetraolC15H14O8322.273081374
6Betulinic acid [66-70]3beta-Hydroxy-20(29)-lupaene-28-oic acidC30H48O3456.764971
7Friedelin [71](4R,4aS,6aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,14aS,14bS)-
4,4a,6a,6b,8a,11,11,14a-octamethyl-2,4,5,6,6a,7,8,
9,10,12,12a,13,14,14b-tetradecahydro-1H-picen-3-
one		C30H50O426.791472
8Squalene [72]2,6,10,15,19,23-Hexamethyltetracosa-
2,6,10,14,18,22-hexaene		C30H50410.7638072
9Epifriedelinol [73]4,4a,6b,8a,11,11,12b,14a-
Octamethyldocosahydropicen-3-ol		C30H52O428.7119242

Table 4: Pharmacological activities of different herbs.

Glycyrrhiza glabra
1Glycyrrhizin [74](3β,20β)-20-carboxy-11-oxo-30 -norolean-12-en-3-yl 2-O-β-D-
glucopyranuronosylα-D-glucopyranosiduronic acid		C42H62O16822.914982
2Glycyrrhizic acid
[75]		(2S,3S,4S,5R,6R)-6-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6S)-2-[[(3S,4aR,6aR,6bS,8aS,11S
,12aR,14aR,14bS)-11-carboxy4,4,6a,6b,8a,11,14b-heptamethyl14-
oxo-2,3,4a,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,12a,14a-decahydro-1H-picen3-yl]oxy]-
6-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxyoxan-3-yl]oxy-3,4,5-trihydroxyoxane-2-
carboxylicacid		C42H62O16822.914982
3Isoliquiritigenin
[76]		(E)-1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)prop2-en-1-oneC15H12O4256.3638278
4Licochalcone A [77](E)-3-[4-Hydroxy-2-methoxy5-(2-methylbut-3-en-2-yl) phenyl]-1-
(4-hydroxyphenyl) prop-2-en-1-one		C21H22O338.45318998
5Liquiritigenin [78](2S)-7-Hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro4H-chromen-4-
one		C15H12O4256.3114829
6Prenyllicoflavone A
[79,80]		7-Hydroxy-2-[4-hydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)phenyl]-6-(3-
methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one		C25H26O4390.511349817
7Glabridin [81]4-[(3R)-8,8-Dimethyl-3,4-dihydro-2H,8H-pyrano[2,3-f]chromen-3-
yl]-1,3-benzenediol		C20H20O4324.4124052
8Glabrene [82]8-(7-hydroxy-2H-chromen3-yl)-2,2-dimethylchromen5-olC20H18O4322.4480774
9Licocoumarin A
[83]		3-[2,4-dihydroxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-7-hydroxy-8-(3-
methylbut-2-enyl)chromen-2-one		C25H26O5406.55324358
1018-β-Glycyrrhetinic
acid [84]		(2R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,10S,12aS,14bR)-10-hydroxy-
2,4a,6a,6b,9,9,12a-heptamethyl-13-oxo3,4,5,6,6a,7,8,8a,10,11,12,14
bdodecahydro-1H-picene2-carboxylic acid		C30H46O43230
11Liquiritin [85](2S)-7-hydroxy-2-[4-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-
(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]-2,3-dihydrochromen-4-one		C21H22O9418.4503737
12Kanzonol R [86]3-[2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-3-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-5-
methoxy-3,4-dihydro2H-chromen-7-ol		C22H26O5370.41.32E+08
13α-Terpineol [87]2-(4-Methylcyclohex-3-en1-yl)propan-2-olC10H18O
14Glisoflavone [88]3-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-7-hydroxy-5-
methoxychromen-4-one		C21H20O6368.45487298
15Shinpterocarpin
[89]		(2R,10R)-17,17-dimethyl-3,12,18-trioxapentacyc
lo[11.8.0.02,10.04,9.014,19]henicosa1(13),4(9),5,7,14(19),15,20-
heptaen-6-ol		C20H18O4322.410336244
16Isoangustone A [90]3-[3,4-dihydroxy-5-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]-5,7-dihydroxy-6-
(3-methylbut-2-enyl)chromen-4-one		C25H26O6422.521591148
172,3-Butanediol [91]Butane-2,3-diolC4H10O290.12262
181-Methoxyficifolinol
[92]		(6aR,11aR)-1-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-6a,11a-
dihydro-6H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-c]chromene-3,9-diol		C26H30O5422.5480872
19Licoriphenone [93]1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[6-hydroxy-2,4-dimethoxy-3-(3-
methylbut-2-enyl)phenyl]ethanone		C21H24O6372.421591149

Table 5: Pharmacological activities of different herbs.

Silybum Marianum
12, 3-dehydrosilybin [94]3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-
2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-
yl]chromen-4-one		C25H20O104805467200
2Dehydrodiconiferyl
alcohol [95]		4-[3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-[(E)-3-hydroxyprop-1-
enyl]-7-methoxy-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-2-yl]-2-
methoxyphenol		C20H22O63585372367
3Silybin [96](2R,3R)-3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-((2R,3R)-3-(4-hydroxy-
3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-
dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)chroman-4-one		C25H22O1048231553
4Silymarin [97]3,5,7-trihydroxy-2-[3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-
2-(hydroxymethyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-6-
yl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-1-benzopyran-4-one		C25H22O104825213

Table 6: Pharmacological activities of different herbs.

Herbal medicines contain more bioactive components than synthetic drugs, and possess health benefits superior to those provided by chemically synthesized drugs. Since consumers are increasingly focusing on natural food alternatives as a result of changing lifestyles, the application of herbs extracted bioactive components in the formulation of functional foods and nutraceuticals is gaining immense popularity in the modern era, in addition to basic nutrition [98].

Globally, health organizations are focusing on using natural herbs for their identification, extraction, bioavailability, and pharmacological properties in the light of safety concerns regarding synthetic medicines. Plant phytochemicals in natural medicinal herbs possess higher antioxidant properties than chemically synthesized medicines in terms of radical scavengers, hydrogen donors, and singlet oxygen quenchers. Formulations for treating various ailments can be made from herbal medicines with quality assurance [99].

Role of Different Herbs in Prevention of COVID - 19

Infections of COVID-19 can be minimized by using curry leaves mouthwash containing essential oils and saponin. Inhibitors of glycoprotein adhesion on the surface of SARS- CoV-2 found in essential oils and extracts of Ocimum genus species prevent viral replication and therefore strengthen the immune system. COVID-19 can be managed with Ocimum species [24]. As a potential drug molecule for treating SARS CoV-2 (COVID 19), phyto-compounds from Vitex negundo including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 3b-acetoxyolean- 12-en-27-oic acid, and isovitexin interact with the PLpro via hydrogen bonds [100]. A significant decrease in ACE2 expression in the small intestine is observed after treatment with Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract, which may represent an entry point for transport of nutrients SARS CoV- 2. Silybin, an active constituent found in Silybum marianum exhibited higher binding affinity with targets in SARS-CoV-2 in comparison to the drugs against SARS-CoV-2 [101].

Application of Herbal Plants in Formulation of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals

Large amounts of food formulation based on functional benefits of medicinal plants are marked throughout the world depending on nutrigenomics of inhabitants in a particular region [102]. These food products ranging from baked items, snacks, ready to eatables and beverages are fetching higher marginal profits due to their therapeutic properties besides nutrition. A variety of developed food products have depicted to reduce the incidence of chronic and other commonly prevailing disabling disorders among consumers and thus have proved to potential contributors of enhancing health and wellness of consumers [103]. A number of herbal plant infusion available in market as ready to serve drinks, instant tea, or squashes have been found to possess antidiabetic properties due to presence of functional ingredients including phenols, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, essential oils that have been validated in increasing sugar metabolism by stimulating excessive insulin secretion and maximising excretion of sugar by causingexcessive renal dieresis [104].

The nutraceuticals made from derivatives of medicinal plants have revealed to possess antimicrobial, anti- depressant, anti-anxiety, anti-dementia, anti-convulsions, anti-inflammatory effects and prevent the body from metabolic diseases that leads to different types of complications [105]. Nutritional therapist has becoming an emerging discipline with promising impact focusing on utilisation of plant-based nutraceuticals and functional foods for treatment of chronic ailments. Some of the commonly available herbal based nutraceuticals are discussed in Table 4 [106].

S.NO.Product NameIngredientsHealth Benefits
1.HealthKart HK Vitals
Multivitamin with
Multimineral, Taurine&
Ginseng Extract		100% RDA of vitamins like Vitamin C,
Vitamin A, Biotin and Vitamin B12, 8 essential
minerals including iron, magnesium, copper,
zinc, manganese, chromium, iodine and
selenium, Standardised ginseng extracts
derived from Panax ginseng, Special amino
acids blend including essential amino acids
and branched chain amino acids.		· Get 3 times the amount of
Zinc and Calcium for enhanced
immunity
· Fortified with amino acids to aid
muscle development
· Complete With Anti-Oxidising
Natural Extracts Like Ginseng
· Contains all essential vitamins
and 8 essential minerals to
conveniently balance your diet.
2.Nutrabay Wellness Curcumin
Extract with Piperine 1000mg		Curcumin Extract, Piperine Nigrum Extract
(Piperine), Glidant (INS 553 (iii)) and Diluent
(INS 460 (i))		· Anti-inflammatory
· Powerful Antioxidant
· Mental Health Support

Garcinia Cambogia Extract, Piper Nigrum Extract, Binder (INS 1404), Firming Agent (INS 341), Anticaking Agent (INS 460 (i) & INS 551), Stabilizer (INS 1201), Thickener (INS 464), Emulsifier (INS 466), Antifoaming Agent (INS 1521) Carbamide Forte Garcinia Cambogia 3000mg for Weight Loss Supplement, 60% HCA & Chromium

3.

4. Nutrabay Wellness Milk Thistle Extract (Silymarin Marianum)1000mg

Milk Thistle Extract (Silymarin Marianum), Glidant (INS 553 (iii)) and Diluent (INS 460 (i))

5. Fast&Up Ashwagandha (KSM- 66) 600mg, 5% Withanolides – Natural Vitality Booster Ashwagandha (KSM-66) (Withaniasomnifera)- (5% Withanolides) Root Extract

6. Wellbeing Nutrition Slow Liver Health | High Strength Milk Thistle, Arjuna &Berberry Milk Thistle, Kasani, Himsra, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Berberry, Daruharidra, Arjuna

7. Healthyhey Nutrition Panax Ginseng 400Mg Panax Ginseng Root Extract 400mg (20% Ginsenosides) · Supports physical & intellectual work capacity

8. Foresta Organics Brain Health with Brahmi, Shankhpushpi& Gingko Biloba Shankhpushpi, Brahmi, Ginkgo Biloba

9. Wellbeing Nutrition Apple Cider Vinegar w/ Mother & Garcinia Cambogia

Himalayan Red and Gold Apples, Pomegranate, Garcinia Cambogia

10. Bigmuscles Nutrition Spirulina Organic Tablets (1500mg) Organic Spirulina, Black Pepper Extract

11. Doctor’s Choice Trans4orm | 4 Forms of CARNITINE Blend | CLA | Garcinia Cambogia Black Pepper Extract, CLA, Garcinia Cambogia, Vitamins, TRANS4ORM Blend

  • Rapid Fat Burn,
  • Appetite Suppression,
  • NaturalWeight Loss,
  • Carb Blocker,
  • Reduce Emotional Cravings,
  • Improve Metabolism
  • Liver Care
  • Boost Metabolism
  • Powerful Antioxidant
  • Promotes Vitality, Energy and Vigor
  • Promotes Muscle Strength and Endurance
  • Supports Immune System and general wellness
  • Liver protection
  • Reduces Inflammation
  • Control Cholestrol
  • Improves Fat Metabolism
  • Improve Digestion
  • Improves Alertness
  • Reduce Anxiety
  • Control Mood Swings
  • Better Eye Health
  • Enhanced Memory Retention
  • Heathy Weight Loss
  • Boosts Metabolosm
  • Improves Heart Health
  • Supports Glowing Skin
  • Helps Digestion
  • Skin & Hair
  • Blood Pressure
  • Anti-Imflammatory
  • Lowers Cholestrol
  • Promotes Fat Burning
  • Regulates Cravings
  • Weight Management
  • Increases Metabolism
12.Neuherbs Plant Based Green
Coffee Instant Charge in
Classic Coffee Flavour (20
Effervescent tablets)		Green Coffee Beans Extract, Cholorogenic
Acid, Natural Caffeine, Vitamin B6, Vitamin
B12		· Helps boost up metabolism
· Helps fuel up daily energy level
instantly, Aids in reducing fatigue
& daily body exhaustion
13.Foresta Organics Menz-X
Health with Shilajit,
Ashwagandha, Kaunch& Safed
Musli		Shilajit, Kaunch, Akarkara, Ashwagandha &
Safed Musli		· Helps boost stamina
· Helps enhance male libido
· Helps improve energy levels
· Helps improve potency
· Manages stress and fatigue
14.Dr Vaidya’s Stress ReliefAshwagandha, Tagar, Brahmi, Jatamansi· Helps combat anxiety & promote
sound sleep
15.Bigmuscles Nutrition Natural
Neem Extract (800mg)		Organic Neem Extract· Promotes Radiant Skin
· Supports Immune System
· Acne Relief
· Improves Mood
16.Bigmuscles Nutrition Natural
Neem Extract (800mg)		Tila (Sesamum indicum) seed powder,· Beneficial for skin elasticity
Fructo-oligosaccharides,· Skin moisture
Honey,· Advanced anti-aging formula
Water,
Amino acid blend 7% (Glycine, L- Proline,
L- Alanine, L-Hydroxyproline, L-Arginine,
L-Lysine), Rose hips extract, Aloe vera extract,
Gajar (Daucus carota) powder,
Glutathione,
Badam (Prunus amygdalus) Kernel powder,
Tila (Sesamum indicum) oil,
Pumpkin seed powder,
Agathi (Sesbania grandiflora) flower extract,
Nature Identical flavouring substances,
Flaxseed powder,
Cranberry extract,
Sodium Hyaluronate,
Moringa leaf extract,
Blueberry extract,
Vitamin E,
Zinc,
Green tea extract,
Preservatives (INS 202, INS 211),
Sitawar powder

Table 8: Commonly available herbal supplements in market.

Fructo-oligosaccharides,

High Oleic,

Sunflower Oil,

Stabilizer (INS 414),

Caseinates,

Hydrolysed whey peptide,

Diluent (Maltodextrin),

Emulsifier {INS 322(i), INS 415},

Anti-caking agent (INS 551),

Mineralsn 0.4% (Phosphorus, potassium, Zinc, Tricalcium phosphate, Maganesium, Ferrous fumarate, Manganese, Copper, Iodine, Selenium, Molybdenum, Chromium), Nature-identical flavouring substances, Bitter gourd, Gudmar (Gymnerasytvestre) Extract (0.1%), Kokam (Garcinia indica) Powder (0.1%), Giloy (Tinosporacardifolia), Taurine,

17. Patanjali Nutrela Diabetic Care

Banaba leaves extract (0.1 %),

Vitamin Premix (0.06%) {Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2 (Bio-fermented),

Vitamin B3,

Vitamin B5,

Vitamin B6,

Vitamin B7,

Vitamin B12 (Bio-fermented)}

Sweetener (INS 950), INS 955),

Jamun seed powder,

Licorice extract 0.01%,

Fenugreek,

Rosemary Extract (0.01 %),

Cinnamon Extract (0.01%),

Myo- inositol,

Alpha-lipoic acid,

L-camitine,

Vitamin D (Bio-fermented) (0.01%)

18. Himalayan Organics Pcos Multivitamin Supplement 2000Mg

Myo-Inositol, Alpha Lipoic Acid, AlgasCalcareas, Caonositol, Vitamin D2, Folate, Chromium Picolinate Diabetic Care is a scientifically designed formulation to help manage blood sugar levels and weight.

· Acne Control

· Weight Management

· Hormonal Balance

· Minimizes Facial Hair

19.Wellbeing Nutrition Melts
Testo Power Testofen,
Himalayan Shilajit, Ginkgo
Biloba – Plant Based (30 Oral
Strips)		Testofen*(A patented Fenugreek extract), Pure
Himalayan Shilajit, Ginkgo Biloba, Saffron		· Increases Testosterone
Production
· Reduce Stress & Uplifts Mood
· Supports Lean Muscle Gain
· Enhance Performance
· Improve Stamina
· Boosts Energy Levels
20.Nutrova Complete Omega 3Algal extract containing 17% DHA· DHA is an omega-3 fat that forms
structures of our brain, nerves,
eyes and skin and also regulates
inflammation

Table 9: Commonly available herbal supplements in market.

Conclusion

An overview of the distribution, ethnobotany, metabolites, ethnopharmacology, and potential medicinal uses of different herbs was provided in this review. It is also important to explore and discuss the clinical efficacy and toxicity studies. Due to the controversy surrounding herbal drug characterization, the secondary metabolites in extracts of all herbs must be identified and characterized analytically. Considering that herbal drugs may interact with other drugs and with foods, the effects of herbal extracts on drug-food interactions must be experimentally validated in a clinical setting. A study of high-throughput experiments and DNA microarrays may also provide a platform for researching and developing drugs from natural products thanks to advances in experimental research [107, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119].

Conflict of Interest

The authors are having no conflict of interest with anyone related to publishing this review paper.

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@article{sharma2023,
  title   = {Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used
Herbal Plants and their Potential Applications in Nutraceutical
Formulations},
  author  = {Sharma D, Gupta R and Bhat FM},
  journal = {International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine},
  year    = {2023},
  volume  = {7},
  number  = {2},
  doi     = {10.23880/ipcm-16000262}
}
Sharma D, Gupta R and Bhat FM (2023). Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used
Herbal Plants and their Potential Applications in Nutraceutical
Formulations. International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.23880/ipcm-16000262
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Phytochemical and Pharmacological Studies of Traditionally Used
Herbal Plants and their Potential Applications in Nutraceutical
Formulations
AU  - Sharma D, Gupta R and Bhat FM
JO  - International Journal of Pharmacognosy & Chinese Medicine
PY  - 2023
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.23880/ipcm-16000262
ER  -