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International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology Research Article 4 min read

Specific Phase Relationships of Neural Oscillations: A Regulatory Mechanism of Reproduction in Higher Vertebrates

Singh VP*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2639-216X  10.23880/izab-16000163  Received: July 02, 2019  Published: July 10, 2019
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Abstract

Reproduction is one of the most important biological phenomenons among the organisms. A detailed knowledge about the mechanism(s) behind reproductive regulation will be helpful for us to understand this phenomenon in a better way. With the help of this knowledge we can generate new ideas which can able us to control the fertility of economically important species. Various mechanisms regarding the reproductive regulations have been studied. In the vertebrates, physiology of reproduction is actually controlled through the hypothalamo - hypophyseal gonadal (HPG) axis which comprises of higher brain center, hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonad. All the factors either extrinsic or intrinsic that affect the HPG axis can modulate reproduction. Among many of these factors, specific temporal phase relations of neural oscillations have been suggested in higher vertebrates (especially in some birds and mammals). In general, these temporal phase relationships are time dependent rhythmicity of neural/hormonal activity.

Editorial

Reproduction is one of the most important biological phenomenon among the organisms. A detailed knowledge about the mechanism(s) behind reproductive regulation will be helpful for us to understand this phenomenon in a better way. With the help of this knowledge we can generate new ideas which can able us to control the fertility of economically important species. Various mechanisms regarding the reproductive regulations have been studied. In the vertebrates, physiology of reproduction is actually controlled through the hypothalamo - hypophyseal gonadal (HPG) axis which comprises of higher brain center, hypothalamus, hypophysis and gonad. All the factors either extrinsic or intrinsic that affect the HPG axis can modulate reproduction. Among many of these factors, specific temporal phase relations of neural oscillations have been suggested in higher vertebrates (especially in some birds and mammals). In general, these temporal phase relationships are time dependent rhythmicity of neural/hormonal activity.

Role of the specific phase relationship of circadian hormonal activities (corticosterone and prolactin) in reproductive regulation was first reported in an avian species by Meier [1]. Since corticosterone and prolactin appear to be regulated by serotonin and dopamine or vice versa [2, 3], serotonergic and dopaminergic precursors drugs i.e. 5- hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) and L- dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) were tested at different time intervals and it was found that some Specific Phase Relationships of Neural Oscillations: A Regulatory Mechanism of Reproduction in Higher Vertebrates specific phase relations can significantly affect the reproduction through affecting the gonadal development. After that the temporal phase relation of circadian neural oscillations (serotonergic and dopaminergic) has been established as a mechanism for the reproductive regulation of many avian species [4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. On the other hand it was also studied in some mammals like Syrian hamster Indian palm squirrel and mice [10, 11, 12].

Recently, some investigations reported that these specific temporal phase neural oscillations have different interactions with the neuronal and peripheral nitric oxide [13, 14]. In the mice, it was reported that these oscillations alters the expression of neuronal RFamide-related peptide-3 (RFRP-3) [12]. Further in this context a report suggests that these temporal phase neural oscillation also have some relationship with the apoptotic proteins of the gonads [15].

All these reports suggest that in this neuroendocrine circuitry of reproduction still many things which have to be discovered. Hence more detailed studies and researches are required to understand the clear cut picture of this regulatory mechanism.

References

  1. Meier AH, Martin DD, MacGregor R III (1971) Temporal synergism of corticosterone and prolactin Int J Zoo Animal Biol controlling gonadal growth in sparrow. Science 173(3): 1240-1242.
  2. Telegdy G, Vermes I (1975) Effect of adrenocortical hormones on activity of the serotonergic system in limbic structures in rats. Neuroendocrinology 18(1): 16-26.
  3. Hökfelt T, Fuxe K (1972) Effects of prolactin and ergot alkaloids on tubero-infundibular dopamine (DA) neuron. Neuroendocrinology 9(2): 100-122.
  4. Miller LJ, Meier AH (1983) Temporal synergism of neurotransmitter-affecting drugs influences seasonal conditions in sparrows. J Interdisc Cycles Res 14(1): 85-95.
  5. Chaturvedi CM, Bhatt R (1990) The effects of different temporal relationships of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5- HTP) and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) on reproductive and metabolic responses of migratory Red Headed Bunting (Emberiza bruniceps). J Interdisc Cycles Res 21(2): 129-139.
  6. Chaturvedi CM, Prasad SK (1991) Timed daily injections of Neurotransmitter precursor alter the gonad and body weights of spotted munia, Lonchura punctulata, maintained under short daily photoperiods. J Exp Zool 260: 194-201.
  7. Prasad SK, Thapliyal JP, Chaturvedi CM (1992) The effects of daily injections of Ldihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan in different temporal relationships on thyroid-gonadal interaction in an Indian finch Spotted munia, Lonchura punctulata. Gen Comp Endocrinol 86(3): 335-343.
  8. Phillips D and Chaturvedi CM (1995) Functional maturation of neuroendocrine-gonadal axis is altered by specific phase relations of circadian neurotransmitter activity in Japanese quail. Biomed Environ Sci 8(4): 367-377.
  9. Chaturvedi CM, Yadav S (2013) Influence of temporal relationships between serotonergic and dopaminergic precursors on the regulation of gonadal development in birds. Gen Comp Endocrinol 190: 203-213.
  10. Wilson JM, Meier AH (1989) Resetting the annual cycle with timed daily injections of 5- hydroxytryptophan and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine in Syrian hamsters. Chronobiology International 6(2): 113-132.
  11. Chaturvedi CM, Jaiwal R (1990) Temporal synergism of neurotransmitter affecting drugs and seasonal reproductive responses of Indian palm squirrel, Funambulus pennanti. J Neural Transm 81(1): 31-40.
  12. Sethi S, Tsutsui K, Chaturvedi CM (2010) Temporal phase relation of circadian neural oscillations alters RFamide-related peptide-3 and testicular function in the mouse. Neuroendocrinology 91(2): 189-199.
  13. Kumar P, Chaturvedi CM (2009) Reproductive responses and nitric acid activity in Japanese quail, Coutrnix coutrnix japonica are altered by specific phase relationships of neural (serotonergic and dopaminergic) oscillations and pineal function. Domest. Anim Endocrinol 36 (3): 152-161.
  14. Singh VP, Chaturvedi CM (2014) Interrelationship of NO and androgenic activity in mice, Mus musculus following temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic neural oscillations. Endocrine 46(3): 624-633.
  15. Banerjee S, Tsutsui K, Chaturvedi CM (2016) Apoptosis mediated testicular alteration in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in response to temporal phase relation of serotonergic and dopaminergic oscillations. J Exp Biol 219(10): 1476- 1487.
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@article{singh2019,
  title   = {Specific Phase Relationships of Neural Oscillations: A Regulatory Mechanism of Reproduction in Higher Vertebrates},
  author  = {Singh VP},
  journal = {International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology},
  year    = {2019},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {4},
  doi     = {10.23880/izab-16000163}
}
Singh VP (2019). Specific Phase Relationships of Neural Oscillations: A Regulatory Mechanism of Reproduction in Higher Vertebrates. International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000163
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Specific Phase Relationships of Neural Oscillations: A Regulatory Mechanism of Reproduction in Higher Vertebrates
AU  - Singh VP
JO  - International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology
PY  - 2019
VL  - 2
IS  - 4
DO  - 10.23880/izab-16000163
ER  -