Effect of Smoking Cessation Measure on Self Efficacy to Resist Temptation
A study to an experimental study to evaluate the effect of smoking cessation measure on self-efficacy to resist temptation, among smokers admitted in Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital, Chidambaram. The quantitative research approach- A Pre-experimental one group pretest-posttest design was adopted and conducted at Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital among 55 samples, Chidambaram. The target population refers to patients who have the habit of smoking. Smokers, aged 20 years and above, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were the subjects selected for the study. Simple random sample technique was used in selecting samples from the smokers admitted in medical, surgical, and orthopedic wards. After assessing their smoking behavior, the participants were advised to quit smoking. Self-instructional module focusing on smoking cessation was briefed and handed over to them. For Phase II, 6 participants from Phase I came for follow up. After making the decision to quit, on that day, 1st month, 3rd month, and 6th month later, they were followed up. Each visit took about 45 minutes to discuss regarding the quit attempt and to collect data to validate their quit attempt. The statistical tests, both descriptive and inferential, were used for analyzing the data. The One way ANOVA repeated measure revealed that clinical intervention is effective as improvement in the self-efficacy to resist temptation to smoke during overall situation was achieved and the finding was found to be statistically significant at p <0.001. The study results revealed that the level of temptation showed extreme temptation to smoke due to various situations. Most of the subjects were in contemplation and preparation stage of readiness to quit.
Introduction
They are able who Think they are able- Virgil
Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality in the United States. Each year, an estimated 443,000 people die from smoking related diseases. Smoking can contribute to the progression of diseases like coronary artery disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer and result in poorer health outcomes [1]. Self-efficacy is the belief that one has the ability to implement the behaviours needed to produce a desired effect. There has been growing interest in the role of self-efficacy as a predictor and/or mediator of treatment outcome in a number of domains. The present paper reviews the recent literature on self- efficacy in the substance abuse field [2]. Research in tobacco control has examined the relationship of the self- concept to smoking initiation and smoking cessation. The vast majority of research conducted to date has taken one of two approaches, depending on the population being studied and whether the research focuses on smoking initiation or smoking cessation. Initial smoking episodes occur in specific, well-defined contexts primarily out of social pressures that are conducive to smoking (eg: peers). Although maintenance of the habit is, in part, regulated by physiological processes that reflect nicotine dependence in established adult smokers (eg: withdrawal, tolerance), specific situations (eg: alcohol consumption) can trigger smoking behavior. After smokers quit, relapse is more likely in some situations (eg: with other smokers) compared to other situations. The self-concept is composed of multiple self-relevant descriptive attributes and these attributes are organized according to context. For example, self-complexity theory posits that individuals possess an associative cognitive network of self-attributes organized by the different social roles that they assume in life (eg: self as mother, wife, and prevention specialist). Self-complexity is the degree to which these selves are semantically differentiated from one another. Showers has evaluated the compartmentalization of self-attributes into positive and negative evaluative categories. Compartmentalization is the degree to which self-attributes are isolated in particular social roles. Integration is the degree to which both positive and negative self-attributes is dispersed among social roles. The self-concept could have relevance for understanding smoking (and not smoking) in context [3]. While numerous studies show that higher levels of smoking cessation self-efficacy predicts motivation to quit smoking and successful smoking cessation, few studies have evaluated factors related to smoking cessation self- efficacy that could be targets of behavioural interventions to promote greater confidence to quit smoking [4].
Hence, the researcher decided to focus “An experimental study to evaluate the effect of smoking cessation measure on self-efficacy to resist temptation
Results
among smokers admitted in Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital, Chidambaram”.
Objective
To evaluate the effect of smoking cessation measure on self-efficacy to resist temptation.
Materials and Methods
The quantitative research approach was to evaluate the effectiveness of smoking cessation measure in terms of level of quitting were used among the 55 smokers. A Pre-experimental one group pretest posttest design was adopted and conducted at Rajah Muthiah Medical College Hospital, Chidambaram. The target population refers to patients who have the habit of smoking. Smokers, aged 20 years and above, who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were the subjects selected for the study. Simple random sample technique was used in selecting samples from the smokers admitted in medical, surgical, and orthopeadic wards. The study subjects were interviewed regarding their smoking behavior, their readiness to quit etc., and data were collected using structured interview schedule from June 2009 to March 2010. After assessing their smoking behavior, the participants were advised to quit smoking. Self-instructional module focusing on smoking cessation was briefed and handed over to them. For Phase II, 6 participants from Phase I came for follow up. After making the decision to quit, on that day, 1st month, 3rd month, and 6th month later, they were followed up. Each visit took about 45 minutes to discuss regarding the quit attempt and to collect data to validate their quit attempt. The statistical tests, descriptive statistics used were mean, standard deviation, and percentage and Inferential statistics such as chi-square, one way ANOVA, Comparison Test Contrast Difference Method, Kruskal Wallis Test, and Comparative Test Tukey Honestly Significant Difference Test, were used for data analysis.
| Self-Efficacy to Resist Smoking During Social Situations | Mean | Standard Deviation | One Way ANOVA Repeated | Contrast Difference Method | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Measures | |||||||||
| F value | P value | ||||||||
| Pretest | 15.27 | 5.33 | 109.721 | P<0.001 (S) | Pretest Vs | ||||
| Posttest I | 19.27 | 5.4 | Posttest I Vs | ||||||
| Posttest II | 21.67 | 6.01 | Posttest II Vs | ||||||
| Posttest III | 24.47 | 6.85 | Posttest III |
Table 1: Effectiveness of 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist smoking during social situations am
(S)-Significant. Table 1: Effectiveness of 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist smoking during social situations among subjects in pretest and posttests (N=55).
This Table 1 shows the effectiveness of the 5A’s clinical intervention on mean self-efficacy to resist smoking during social situations from first visit to 6th month. The self-efficacy was less with mean value of 15.27 with standard deviation of 5.33 at pretest. During the posttest III, after the interventions, the mean score of 24.47 with standard deviation of 6.85 indicated improvement in self-efficacy to resist smoking during social situations. One way ANOVA repeated measure revealed that clinical intervention was effective as improvement in the self-efficacy to resist smoking during social situation was achieved and the finding was found to be statistically significant at p <0.001.
| Self-Efficacy To Resist | Mean | Standard Deviation | One Way ANOVA Repeated | Contrast Difference Method | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking Due To Craving | Measures | ||||||||||
| Situations | F Value | P Value | |||||||||
| Pretest | 15.84 | 5.58 | 33.16 | P<0.001 (S) | Pretest Vs | ||||||
| Posttest I | 16.91 | 5.95 | Posttest II Vs | ||||||||
| Posttest II | 17.75 | 6.43 | Posttest III | ||||||||
| Posttest III | 18.55 | 6.83 |
Table 2: Effectiveness of the 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist temptation to smoke due to crav
(S) – Significant Table 2: Effectiveness of the 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist temptation to smoke due to craving situations among the subjects in pretest and posttests (N=55).
| Self-Efficacy To Resist | l | Mean | Standard Deviation | One Way ANOVA Repeated | Contrast Difference Method | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking During Socia | Measures | ||||||||||
| Situations | F value | P value | |||||||||
| Pretest | 17.2 | 6.43 | 66.03 | P<0.001 (S) | Pretest I Vs | ||||||
| Posttest I | 19.31 | 6.45 | Posttest I Vs | ||||||||
| Posttest II | 20.67 | 6.85 | Posttest II Vs | ||||||||
| Posttest III | 22.33 | 7.81 | Posttest III |
Table 3: Effectiveness of 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist smoking during negative situations
(S) – Significant Table 3: Effectiveness of 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist smoking during negative situations among the subjects in pretest and posttests (N = 55).
| Self-Efficacy To Resist | l | Mean | SD | One Way ANOVA Repeated | C | Comparison Test | e | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smoking During Socia | Measure | ontrast Differenc | |||||||||||
| Situations | F value | P value | Method | ||||||||||
| Pretest | 47.73 | 15.76 | 133.57 | <0.001(S) | Pretest Vs | ||||||||
| Posttest I | 54.78 | 15.8 | Posttest I Vs | ||||||||||
| Posttest II | 59.76 | 16.74 | Posttest II Vs | ||||||||||
| Posttest III | 64.87 | 17.65 | Posttest III |
Table 4: Effectiveness of the 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist temptation to smoke in over ove
(S) - Significant Table 4: Effectiveness of the 5A’s clinical intervention on mean score of self-efficacy to resist temptation to smoke in over overall situations in pretest and posttests (N = 55).
Discussion
The above Tables showed the study to evaluate the effect of smoking cessation measure on self-efficacy to resist temptation to smoke due to Social, craving and negative situations . The findings revealed that the One way ANOVA repeated measure revealed that clinical intervention is effective as improvement in the self- efficacy to resist temptation to smoke during overall situation was achieved and the finding was found to be statistically significant at p <0.001.
This Finding is Supported by the Following Studies
Ergul and Tamel findings on effect of Nurse led smoking cessation intervention based on the transtheoretical model of change revealed that there was significant change in the stage of change and self-efficacy mean score at P <0.01. The quit rate of programme was 8.3% at the 6th month follow-up [5]. Wang, Hamell, and Funk conducted a research study using longitudinal correlational design to find out the factors associated with smoking cessation. The results suggested that self-efficacy and family support should be addressed in any intervention programme targeting smoking cessation in male patients with coronary heart diseases [6]. Park, Kang, and Kim conducted a study to evaluate the effects of a smoking cessation programme. The results showed a significantly decreased amount of smoking, a decreased nicotine dependency, and increased self-efficacy compared to control group [7].
Conclusion
Thus smoking cessation measure which includes health education module on quitting and 5A’s clinical intervention were provided to the subjects. The effectiveness of the programme is tested, and it was found to give significant results statistically. Out of 55 smokers, 14(25%) of them stopped smoking. The number of
References
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Martinez (2010) Addict Behaviour. National Institute of health 35(2): 175-178.
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Ergul S, Tamel AB (2009) The effects of a nursing smoking cessation interventions on military students in Turkey. Int Nurs Rev 56(1): 102-108.
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Wang HL, Harrell J, Funk S (2008) Factors associated with smoking cessation among male adults with coronary heart disease in Taiwan. J Nurs Res 16(1): 55-64.
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Park MK, Kang KS, Kim NY (2007) Effects of a smoking cessation programme on amount of smoking and nicotine dependence and self-efficacy of smoking cessation for smoking workers. Taehan Kanho Hakhoe Chi 37(7): 1073-1079.
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