Beta Fulltext view is in preview — article structure may vary. Browse all articles
Contents
Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology Research Article 9 min read

A Short Note on the General Aspects of Drug Designing

Saha C, Tasnim N and Noor R*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2576-7771  10.23880/oajmb-16000184  Received: February 03, 2021  Published: February 17, 2021
 — views
 33 references
PDF
Keywords
Drug Designing Microbial Drug Resistance Public Health
Abstract

Emerging and re-emerging diseases are expanding round the globe which drew the mass public health in dreadful condition. Microbial resistance to drugs is a complicated issue for the failure of treatment of a variety of diseases. In this circumstance, designing of appropriate drug(s) is essential which usually involves the computational modeling and simulation followed by cell culture/ animal model experiments, ending up to clinical trials. Current review briefly focused on the general aspects of drug manufacturing; and a short discussion on the fine tune basis of drug designing grounded on the previously published literature.

Introduction

Present world population is undergoing COVID-19 pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) which has already caused 2 209 195 deaths with 102 083 344 infected cases so far in 223 countries [1]. The transmission and rapid dynamics of the disease have been studied extensively in association with different strains of SARS-CoV-2 genome and immunopathogenesis traits as well as the pathogenesis have been compared with those of SARS-CoV-1 and the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS-CoV) [2, 3, 4, 5]. Accordingly, for mitigation of COVID-19, ongoing research on drug designing for the development of new drugs and the immunomodulatory agents by means of computation simulation, cell/animal culture models and finally by entering the patient trials; or for the repurposing of the previously used drugs against other viral infections is noteworthy [6, 7, 8, 9]. Besides, the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, some other emerging and re- emerging diseases like dengue, chikungunya, or zika virus infection and other chronic and consistent complications including food borne enteric diseases, onset of cancers are prevalent worldwide [10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. Moreover, while treating these diseases, the phenomenon of drug-resistance has been introduced to the health professionals for a long time which in turn is posing a serious global health threat towards the global public health [19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27]. Based on such aspects covering the commencement of diseases, and the treatment complications especially due to the microbial resistance to the antibiotics, current review focused on the inevitability of the drug designing using the modern techniques.

Facets of Drug Designing

Manufacturing Aspects

In general, drugs are given towards the patients according to the nature of disease as well as to kill the etiological agent(s), and the drugs are manufactured according to the set rules recommended by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), World Health Organization (WHO), the British Pharmacopeia (BP), the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), or the European Pharmacopeia (EP) together with careful maintenance of the Hazard Analysis: Critical Control Points (HACCP) together with the microbiological quality control both of the bulk- and the finished products with the necessary in process checks (IPC) [28, 29]. Besides the Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and the Total Quality Management (TQM), the appropriate Quality Control (QC) and Quality Assurance (QA) starting from the warehouse materials to the finished products ready for marketing ensure the quality and effectiveness of the drug(s) [28]. However, the Research and Development (R&D) or the Product Process and Development (PPD) departments analyze the objectives of the usage of the drugs; and for the specific application, the drug target site of the infectious agent(s) has to be clearly investigated as well the active moiety of the drug(s) is needed to be known. Such a requisite generated the new aspects of effective drug designing procedure using the in silico model, in vivo model, patient trials, dealing with the market complaints, deducing the drug-resistance genes, etc. [8, 20, 23].

Strategies for Drug Development

From a range of published literature as well from the current global practice, it is understandable that the approaches for the designing of anti-bacterial or anti-viral drugs largely depend on the studies based on the analysis of data bank for drugs and the microbial genome, the computational modeling and simulation; identifying the appropriate drug targets; and finally, identifying the specific moiety of the drug imparting the remedial impact [7, 8, 30]. Such bioinformatics analysis facilitates the extensive study of the pathogenic molecular patterns for screening the drug target site(s) which can be checked using cell culture/ animal models afterward prior to start the clinical/ patient trials [7, 8]. In course of timing and costing as well as designing the rationalized clinical cell culture or animal model experiments followed by clinical trials, such computational approach is really helpful at the initial stage of designing a particular drug [7]. Such a strategy is expected to be helpful in detecting the drug-resistance resistance genes which can be counteracted by the novel drugs formed by the genomic annotation of the large data sets like The Cancer Genome Atlas, Comprehensive Antibiotic Research Database (CARD), the Antibiotic Resistance Ontology (ARO), etc., employing the Resistance Gene Identifier (RGI) [7, 31].

A very important aspect in the development of effective drugs relies on the drug repurposing whereby the existing drugs are used to treat any emerging disease [7]. Although necessary, yet the assessment of drugs using the cell culture, animal models and the patient trials really appear to delay the treatment in the emergency condition. In such dreadful condition, the repositioned and the repurposed drugs can be employed for a quick remedy [7]. After designing a drug, prior to the clinical trials, the pre-clinical inquiries include the studies with animal models with the concomitant evaluations of drug effectiveness, drug dosage, drug safety, mode of action of the drug in response to the host clinical response, followed by the assessment of drug absorption and metabolism in the host [32]. Afterwards, the phase I to phase IV trial clinical trials, designed for testing the safety and the maximum tolerated dose (MTD); (and specifically randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) are conducted using the legislative rules and ethics as described by the appropriate authorities and published documents [32]. In fine, it’s worth to note that the clinical trials persist as the gold standard for assessing innovative drugs prior to commercial launching; and also, it should be added that ClinicalTrials.gov  serves as the public trial registry offered by the United States (US) National Library of Medicine and the USFDA, covering 208 countries around the world [33].

Conclusion

The information provided in the current review is apparently known by the scientific community. However, accumulating such general knowledge on the microbial drug-resistance, the drug designing approaches as well as drug manufacturing would be helpful for the pharmaceutical professionals and the health professionals to bring about the excellence in novel drug designing for maintaining a sustainable global public health.

References

  1. WHO (2019) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19). World Health Organization.
  2. Sikandar YB, Shabnam I, Noor R (2020) Remdesivir and dexamethasone: The two eligible candidate drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) infection. Biomed Res J 7(2): 29-33.
  3. Asaduzzaman SA, Zakaria A, Kheya IS, Fahad N, Sikandar YB, et al. (2020) A comparative study between the severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, and the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Biomed Biotechnol Res J 4(5): 65-74.
  4. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, et al. (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 395(10224): 565-574.
  5. Noor R, Maniha SM (2020) A brief Outline of Respiratory Viral Disease Outbreaks: 1889 – Till Date on the Public Health Perspectives. Virus Disease 31(4): 1-9.
  6. Kaushal A (2020) Immune Response and Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and The Strategies for Developing Target Drugs. Acta Sci Microbiol 3(9): 92-102.
  7. Taaseen WI, Noor R (2020) Drug Designing and Repositioning against Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2) through Computational Simulation: Current Progress and Hopes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 5(3): 000168.
  8. Noor R (2021) Antiviral drugs against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection triggering the coronavirus disease19 pandemic. Tzu Chi Med J 33(1): 7-12.
  9. Sikandar YB, Asaduzzaman S, Fayz AH, Noor R (2020) How Does Dexamethasone Work Against the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS- CoV-2)? J Clin Immunol Microbiol 1(2): 1-5.
  10. Noor R (2020) Re-emergence of dengue virus in Bangladesh: Current fatality and the required knowledge. Tzu Chi Med J 32(3): 227-233.
  11. Noor R, Maniha SM (2020) Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) Infection and the Protective Immunity: A Narrative Review. EC Emergency Medicine and Critical Care 4(3): 1-10.
  12. Noor R, Ahmed T (2018) Zika virus: Epidemiological study and its association with public health risk.J Infect Public Health 11(5): 611-616.
  13. Noor R, Munna MS (2015) Emerging diseases in Bangladesh: current microbiological research. Tzu Chi Medical Journal 27(2): 49-53.
  14. Zakaria A, Asaduzzaman S, Nahar Z, Snigdha HJ, Murshed T, et al. (2021) A short review of the genes involved in the development and progression of colorectal cancer. BIOCELL.
  15. Bhuiyan AA, Noor R (2020) General Perspectives on Water and Fluid Borne Microorganisms in Bangladesh. Applied Microbiology: Theory & Technology 1(2): 89-94.
  16. Noor R (2020) General awareness on hantavirus infection: A brief review. Biomed Biotechnol Res J 4(4): 274-279.
  17. Maniha SM, Noor R (2020) Genetic makeup and associated virulence posed by the enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli pathotypes. Biomed Biotechnol Res J 4(4): 280-284.
  18. Bloom DE, Cadarette D (2019) Infectious Disease Threats in the Twenty-First Century: Strengthening the Global Response. Front Immunol 10: 549.
  19. Hasan R, Acharjee M, Noor R (2016) Prevalence of Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA) in Methicillin Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) Strains Isolated from Burn Wound Infections. Tzu Chi Medical J 28(2): 49-53.
  20. Aurin TH, Munshi SK, Kamal SM, Rahman MM, Hossain MS, et al. (2014) Molecular approaches for detection of the multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) in Bangladesh. PLoS One 9(6): e99810.
  21. Alam SMS, Kalam MA, Munna MS, Munshi SK, Noor R (2014) Isolation of pathogenic microorganisms from burn patients admitted in Dhaka Medical College and Hospital and demonstration of their drug-resistance traits. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 4(5): 402-407.
  22. Noor R, Hossain A, Munshi SK, Rahman F, Kamal SM (2013) Slide drug susceptibility test for the detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Bangladesh. J Infect Chemother 19(5): 818-824.
  23. Noor R, Akhter S, Rahman F, Munshi SK, Kamal SM, et al. (2013) Frequency of extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) among re-treatment cases in NIDCH, Dhaka, Bangladesh. J Infect Chemother 19(2): 243-248.
  24. Khan SA, Feroz F, Noor R (2013) Study of extended spectrum β-lactamase producing bacteria from urinary tract infection in Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Tzu Chi Medical J 25(1): 39-42.
  25. Noor R, Maniha SM, Murshed T, Rahman MM (2019) Effectiveness of Antibiotics: Anti-Bacterial Activity or Microbial Drug Resistance? Bangladesh J Microbiol 36(2): 111-114.
  26. Ahmed T, Dey R, Noor R (2018) Drug resistance associated with blood borne bacteria in Dhaka Metropolis. Bangladesh J Microbiol 35(2): 134-140.
  27. Lucien MAB, Canarie MF, Kilgore PE, Jean-Denis G, Fénélon N, et al. (2021) Antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance in the COVID-19 era: Perspective from resource-limited settings. Int J Infect Dis104: 250-254.
  28. Noor R, Zerin N, Das KK, Nitu LN (2015) Safe usage of cosmetics in Bangladesh: a quality perspective based on microbiological attributes. J Biol Res (Thessalon) 22(1): 10.
  29. Noor R, Zerin N, Das KK (2015) Microbiological quality of pharmaceutical products in Bangladesh: current research perspective. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 5(4): 264-270.
  30. de Wilde AH, Jochmans D, Posthuma CC, Zevenhoven- Dobbe JC, van Nieuwkoop S, et al. (2014) Screening of an FDA-Approved Compound Library Identifies Four Small- Molecule Inhibitors of Middle East Respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture.  Antimicrob Agents Chemother 58(8): 4875-4884.
  31. McArthur AG, Waglechner N, Nizam F, Yan A, Azad MA, et al. (2013) The comprehensive antibiotic resistance database. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 57(7): 3348- 3357.
  32. Umscheid CA, Margolis DJ, Grossman CE (2011) Key concepts of clinical trials: a narrative review. Postgrad Med 123(5): 194-204.
  33. Abraham ME, Povolotskiy R, Gold J, Ward M, Gendreau JL, et al. (2020) The Current State of Clinical Trials Studying Hydrocephalus: An Analysis of ClinicalTrials.gov. Cureus 12(8): e10029.
More from this journal

Cite this article

BibTeX
APA
RIS
@article{saha2021,
  title   = {A Short Note on the General Aspects of Drug Designing},
  author  = {Saha C, Tasnim N and Noor R},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology},
  year    = {2021},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajmb-16000184}
}
Saha C, Tasnim N and Noor R (2021). A Short Note on the General Aspects of Drug Designing. Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000184
TY  - JOUR
TI  - A Short Note on the General Aspects of Drug Designing
AU  - Saha C, Tasnim N and Noor R
JO  - Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology
PY  - 2021
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/oajmb-16000184
ER  -