Frankincense (Boswellia sacra) of Oman: Chemical Composition, Uses, and Sustainable Management for Food, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial Applications

Authors: Al-Shanfari AB* and Al-Yafi FA

DOI: 10.23880/fsnt-16000361

Volume 10, Issue 2

Abstract

The frankincense tree (Boswellia sacra Flueckiger) is one of the most iconic and economically important species natives to Oman, particularly in the Dhofar Governorate. For millennia, its oleo-gum resin, known as frankincense or olibanum, has been valued for religious, cultural, medicinal, and commercial purposes, contributing to Oman’s heritage and international trade. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the taxonomy, distribution, and ecological adaptations of B. sacra, alongside traditional and modern methods of resin extraction. Key chemical constituents, including boswellic acids and terpenoids, are highlighted for their pharmacological and therapeutic relevance. The paper also addresses the diverse uses of frankincense in perfumery, pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, livestock feed, and apiculture. Despite its importance, the species faces significant threats from unsustainable tapping, habitat loss, insect infestation, and gravel mining, resulting in population decline and reduced regeneration. Conservation strategies such as sustainable tapping guidelines, rest cycles, and habitat protection are essential to safeguard this species for future generations. By integrating ecological, chemical, and socio-economic perspectives, this review emphasizes the critical role of B. sacra in Oman’s natural and cultural landscape and underlines the urgent need for sustainable management.

Keywords: Boswellia Sacra; Frankincense Resin; Bioactive Compounds; Sustainable Harvesting; Food and Pharmaceutical Applications

View PDF