ISSN: 2578-5044
Authors: Naveed A*, Rahman SU, Arshad MI and Aslam B
Foot-and-mouth disease virus is highly contagious and endemic disease of cloven-hooved animals. The broad host range and direct as well as indirect settings are key concerns in the virus spread. The antigenic variations in the viral genome lead to vaccine failure in the animals. For an effective control of the disease, new vaccine techniques must be adopted. The present review is to highlight the global distribution of the disease and its effective control strategies. Pakistan is an agricultural country which basically relies on the production of livestock and related products. Due to the high prevalence of the FMDV, the economy of the country has been disturbed. The seven serotypes of FMDV are antigenically different from each other and high sequence variability is associated with a VP1 region of the viral genome. In Pakistan, the serotypes A, O and Asia 1 are more prevalent, but recent outbreaks in Pakistan were found to be associated mostly with serotype O and Asia I in 2017. In 2018 again the trend has been changed and most of the outbreaks reported are due to serotype A and O. Various control strategies have been adopted to eradicate the virus through vaccination, although there is no cross-protection among the different serotypes of FMDV. New trends should be adopted in the development of the safe vaccine with long-lasting immunity for immunization of animals. More economical and improved ways to immunize the animals are need of the hour. Recently, the concept of plant-based edible vaccines, DNA vaccines, and anti-idiotype based vaccines are under research to control the disease.
Keywords: FMDV; Serotypes; Immunization; Vaccine; Genome
