ISSN: 2578-4641
Authors: Kulvinder Kochar Kaur*, Allahbadia G and Mandeep Singh
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) reflects a heterogenous autoimmune disorder which involves millions of subject’s worldwide. The basic characteristics of T1D are damage of the insulin generating β cells which takes place in view of abnormal activation of various immune effector cells. At present T1D treatment is done by lifelong delivery of novel kinds of insulin which have been synthesized recently. The aim of T1D care ,that has been guided by the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) are to get good glycaemic control, to avoid hyperglycaemia (as it is correlated with long-term microvascular as well as macrovascular complications) along with preventing recurrent hypoglycaemic episodes (as they adversely influence cognitive function). But even following repeated optimization of insulin therapy regimens, the hormonal substituted treatment only works to treat the symptoms without influencing the etiopathogenesis. New approaches which could influence the underlying modes responsible for β cells destruction have been evaluated in detail. These methods on the basis of immunotherapies have got incorporated within a panel of existing therapies for T1D, to block T cell responses against β cells antigens which are quite common at the time of initiation as well as development of T1D. But a total preservation of β cells mass along with insulin independency is not getting achieved despite massive exploration. Due to that right now no existing targeted immunotherapies are capable of replacing the standard insulin delivery. Currently a lot of interest has been concentrated on preventive methods in high risk subjects, on the basis of the posit that a therapeutic intervention once applied the early stage of disease, might aid in sustaining the endogenous β cell function by preserving the residual β cells reserve by the autoimmune attack. In this review we try to evaluate the present status of immunotherapies in T1D by emphasizing on the most significant studies in this field and detailing on novel methods that might get utilized to treat T1D in the future.
Keywords: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus; Insulin; Immunotherapies; DCCT; High Risk Subjects
