Our Collapsing Friedmann Universe

Authors: Sumner WQ*

DOI: 10.23880/psbj-16000201

Volume 6, Issue 1

Abstract

Edwin Hubble observed that the color of light emitted by atoms from distant galaxies is redder than similar atoms emit today on earth. The farther away the galaxy, the greater this redshift. This redshift has been interpreted as a result of an expanding universe “stretching” the photons as described by Alexander Friedmann’s solution to Einstein’s general theory of relativity. But this interpretation of color shift of photons ignores the fact that atoms as well as photons change with the universe. Atomic emissions change twice as much as photon wavelengths do. When atomic emission changes are included, Hubble redshift implies that the Friedmann universe is collapsing, not expanding. This conclusion is confirmed by modern observations.

Keywords: Friedmann; Universe; Redshift; Light

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