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Annals of Advanced Biomedical Sciences Research Article 4 min read

Effect of Colchicine on Induction of Ploidy and Other Morphological Features of Different Crops: A Review

Mushtaq I, Asghar R and Zulfiqar T*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2641-9459  10.23880/aabsc-16000172  Received: December 28, 2021  Published: January 12, 2022
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Keywords
Colchicine Polyploidy plant Allopolyploids Tumours
Abstract

Colchicine is a mitotic inhibitor and it has been used for induction of tetraploids in different crops. Different concentration of colchicine has been used for different time period in vivo and in vitro. Colchicine is used for such purposes because rate of spontaneously doubling in most species is rare in tissue culture. Treatment of colchicine in in vitro culture plant tissues has been efficiently used to artificially produce polyploids in different plants. In different crops such as vegetables, fruits and flowers tetraploids produce variants with favourable horticultural characteristics like high yield, large fruit size and resistance to different environmental stresses. Tetraploids was induced in vivo by applying colchicine in an aqueous solution, lanolin paste, on apical shoot meristem of seedling and soaked seeds. Colchicine use has been found a very prosperous methodology for genome doubling in a lot of species.

Introduction

Polyploidy plant production is frequently used in conventional plant breeding, producing polyploids fruits and vegetable used as human food for years. The most important feature of polyploidy is multiplication of genome. Allopolyploids have more than one genome whereas autopolyploid have duplication of a single genome. Different chemicals has been used of the induction of polyploidy in different plants, Colchicine is one of them [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23]. Colchicine is an important alkaloid which along with its derivatives has many uses e.g. gene expression, gene amplification, anticancer activity and good effect on tumours. Along with such important features, it may also have adverse effect on seed germination and survival of the plant.

Following are some Tables 1-4 of different crops showing effect of colchicine on tetraploids induction:

2Pummelo (Citrus
maxima)		0.1% & 0.05%, 4, 8, 16 & 32
hours, Indirect organogenesis		Low survival rate, canker
resistant plant, double number of
chromosomes		Jude, et al. 2014
3Watermelon
(Citrullus lanatus)		0.1% and 0.2%, 6, 12, 18, 24
hours, In Vivo		Polyploidy induction, Low
germination and High mortality
rate		Lower and Johnson
[17]
0.2%,0.4%and 0.6%, 3 days,
In vitro		High chlorophyll content, change
in morphology of fruit and plant,
high mortality, flow Cytometry
show high chromosome number		Jaskani, et al. [11]
0.2, 0.4, 0.6 %, 3 days, In vitroColchicine induced tetraploids
have 10-12 chloroplast per
guard cell and diploids have 5-7.
Tetraploids have dark and thick
leaves.		Jaskani et al. [12]
4Pear (Pyrus
communis)		0.01% and 0.1%, 1, 2, 4 and 8,
In vitro		Tetraploids and Mixoploids
induction, large stomatal size		Kadota, et al. [16]
5Grapevine (Vitis
vinifera)		0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4 %, 24 hours, In
vitro		Colchicine has adverse effect on
germination of somatic embryo
and low survival rate. Tetraploids
and triploids was examined in 0.2
and 0.4% colchicine solution.		Acanda, et al. [13]
6Tangerine citrus
(Citrus reticulate)		0.2, 0.4, 0.8%, 12, 24 hours,
In vitro		Colchicine have negative effect
on germination of treated seeds.
Stomatal size was highest in
colchicine treated seeds .		Surson, et al. [22]

Table 1: Colchicine induced mutations in fruit crops.

SR.
No.		CropColchicine concentration/
Exposure time/Method		ResponseReference
1Radish
(Raphanus
sativus)		30, 60, 120 mg/l, 5, 10, 15, 20
& 25 days, In vitro		Reduced regeneration ability of buds and
explant; tetraploids induction; low germination
and low survival; low yield of tetraploids		Manawadu, et al.
[18]
2Tomato
(Solanum
lycopersicum)		8mm, 96 Hours, In vitroHigh mortality in seedlings with low induction;
Low concentration with longer exposure time
was recommended		Praca, et al. [20]
3Onion (Allium
cepa)		50 µM, 24 and 72 hours,Colchicine have least chromosome doubling
activity as compared to other mitotic inhibiter
(trifluralin, oryzalin and amprophos-methyl)		Grzebelus and
Adela [15]
4Spinach
(Spinacia
oleracea)		1,5, 10 mg/L, 16, 24, 32
hours, In vivo		Colchicine have adverse effect on germination
and survival. Chromosome doubling was
identified by Flow Cytometry		Roughani, et al.
[19]
5Ginger
(Zingiber
officinale)		0.5, 2%, 2 hours, Applied on
shoot tips		Tetraploids have large rhizome size, knob
weight, thick shoot and high fiber content		Smith, et al. [21]
6Wild potato
(Solanum
commersonii)		3.5, 5.0 and 6.5mM, 72 hours,
In vivo		Colchicine have negative effect on germination
and survival. Increase in chromosomal number
was explained by Gigas effect		Gracielle, et al.
[14]
7Cucumber
(Cucumis
sativus)		250, 500, 550, 1500 mg/L, 18,
38hours, In vitro		Higher conc. Of colchicine have adverse effect
on viability of explant Trifluralin and oryzalin
were more effective in chromosome doubling
rather than colchicine		Hamed, et al.
0.1%, 24, 48 hours, In vitroTetraploids have broader leaf area twice than
haploids. Haploids have elongated leaves while
tetraploids have dentate leaves There was clear
difference in flower morphology of tetraploids
and haploids		Vesselina, et al.
8Chinese kale
(Brassica
oleracea-
Aboglabra
group)		0.1, 0.5, 0.25 1 and 2%, Ex
vitro		Large stomatal size, broader leafTeerarak, et al.
[10]

Table 2: Colchicine induced mutations in vegetable crops.

SR. No.CropColchicine concentration/ Exposure
time/Method		ResponseReference
1Marigold (Tag-
etes erecta)		0.001%, 0.01% & 0.05%, 12 hoursMaximum shoot number with re-
duced length; slow growth rate;
low survival		Sajjad et al.,
2013
2Ocimum (ocimum
basilicum)		0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.5% and 0.75%, 6, 12,
24 and 36 hours, Seed treatment		Large and dark leaf, large size
pollen grains, dark color leaves,
large stomatal length and width
and double number of chloro-
plast in tetraploids as compared
to diploid		Omidbaigi et
al. (2010)
3Huang qi (As-
tragalus mem-
branaceus)		0.2%, 36 hours, In vitroLarge leaf size, large stomatal
size, mixoploids induction		Chen et al.
(2006)
4Grass0.01%, 28 hours, In vitroDoubling of chromosomes,
change cytological traits		Pinheiro et
al. (2000)

Table 3: Colchicine induced mutations in flower crops.

SR.
No.		CropColchicine
concentration/
Exposure time/
Method		ResponseReference
1Ashwagandha
(Withania
somnifera)		0.5%, 3, 6, 8 hours, In
vitro		Stomatal density decreases with in
stomatal size in colchicine induced
tetraploids.		Vidya, et al. [5]
2Indian sarsaparilla
(Hemidesmus
indica)		0.5,1 ,2 and 5 mg/L, 16
and 8 hours, In vitro		Colchicine have more effect on shoots
as compared to roots nodal explants.
Survival of nodal explant was higher
in solid medium as compared to liquid
medium but tetraploids induction was
high in liquid medium.		Nagahatenna, et al. [3]
3Jujuba (Zizyphus
jujuba)		0.01% 0.03% 0.1%
and 0.3%, 24, 48, 72
and 96 hours, In vitro		Large stomatal size, double number of
chloroplast in guard cells, change in
morphology, doubling of chromosome
number		Gu, et al. [4]
4Mopane
(Colophospermum
mopane)		0.05% , 0.1% and 1%,
Soaking seeds		Chimeras formation, low survival
percentage, high mortality, slow growth
rate, large lateral branches with smaller
leaflets		Rubuluza, et al. [1]
5Oil palm (Elaeis
guineensis)		2.5 mM to 10.0mM, 6
to 48 hours, In vitro		Tetraploids and Mixoploids induction,
change in genome, change in stomatal
index		Madon, et al. [2]

Table 4: Colchicine induced mutations in medicinal plants.

Conclusion

Application of colchicine on different crops reported mutation in different crops in the form of chromosomal doubling. Most effective method is in vitro and with low concentration of colchicine. High concentration of colchicine with longer exposure time may adversely affect the survival rate of crop. Morphological changes such larger leaf size, larger flower size more chloroplast per guard cell also confirmed the induction of polyploidy.

References

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@article{mushtaq2022,
  title   = {Effect of Colchicine on Induction of Ploidy and Other
Morphological Features of Different Crops: A Review},
  author  = {Mushtaq I, Asghar R and Zulfiqar T},
  journal = {Annals of Advanced Biomedical Sciences},
  year    = {2022},
  volume  = {5},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/aabsc-16000172}
}
Mushtaq I, Asghar R and Zulfiqar T (2022). Effect of Colchicine on Induction of Ploidy and Other
Morphological Features of Different Crops: A Review. Annals of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/aabsc-16000172
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Effect of Colchicine on Induction of Ploidy and Other
Morphological Features of Different Crops: A Review
AU  - Mushtaq I, Asghar R and Zulfiqar T
JO  - Annals of Advanced Biomedical Sciences
PY  - 2022
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/aabsc-16000172
ER  -