Current Dilemma on Granin Proteins: Proteins Involved in Various Cellular Functions without Known Mechanisms

References

1. Blaschko H, Comline RS, Schneider FH, Silver M, Smith AD (1967) Secretion of a Chromaffin Granule Protein, Chromogranin, from the Adrenal Gland after Splanchnic Stimulation Nature (London) 215: 58-59.
2. Banks P, Helle K (1965) The release of protein from the stimulated adrenal medulla. Biochem J 97(3): 40- 41.
3. Kelly RB (1985) Pathways of protein secretion in eukaryotes. Science 230(4721): 25-32.
4. Taupenot L, Harper KL, O'Connor DT (2003) The chromogranin-secretogranin family. N Engl J Med 348(12): 1134-1149.
5. Gerdes HH, Phillips E, Huttner WB (1988) The primary structure of rat secretogranin II deduced from a cDNA sequence. Nucleic Acids Res 16(24): 11811. Cell & Cellular Life Sciences Journal
6. WINKLER H, FISCHER-COLBRIE R (1992) The chromogranins A and B: The first 25 years and future perspectives. Neuroscience 49(3): 497-528.
7. Helle KB (2004) The granin family of uniquely acidic proteins of the diffuse neuroendocrine system: comparative and functional aspects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 79(4): 769-794.
8. Winkler H, Fischer-Colbrie R (1992) The chromogranins A and B: the first 25 years and future perspectives. Neuroscience 49(3): 497-528.
9. AL Iacangelo, LE Eiden (1995) Chromogranin A: current status as a precursor for bioactive peptides and a granulogenic/sorting factor in the regulated secretory pathway. Regul Pept 58(3): 65-88.
10. Helle KB (1966) Some chemical and physical properties of the soluble protein fraction of bovine adrenal chromaffin granules. Mol Pharmacol 2(4): 298-310.
11. Beuret N, Stettler H, Renold A, Rutishauser J, Spiess M (2004) Expression of regulated secretory proteins is sufficient to generate granule-like structures in constitutively secreting cells. J Biol Chem 279(19): 20242-20249.
12. Huh YH, Jeon SH, Yoo SH (2003) Chromogranin B- induced secretory granule biogenesis: comparison with the similar role of chromogranin A. J Biol Chem 278(42): 40581-40589.
13. Kim T, Tao-Cheng JH, Eiden LE, Loh YP (2001) Chromogranin A, an “on/off” switch controlling dense-core secretory granule biogenesis. Cell 106(4): 499-509.
14. Gerasimenko OV, Gerasimenko JV, Belan PV, Petersen OH (1996) Inositol trisphosphate and cyclic ADP- ribose-mediated release of Ca2+ from single isolated pancreatic zymogen granules. Cell 84(3): 473-480.
15. Yoo SH, Oh YS, Kang MK, Huh YH, Park HS, et al. (2001) Localization of three types of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+ channel in the secretory granules and coupling with the Ca2+ storage proteins chromogranins A and B. J Biol Chem 276: 45806-45812.
16. Yoo SH, Chu SY, Kim KD, Huh YH (2007) Presence of secretogranin II and high-capacity, low-affinity Ca2 storage role in nucleoplasmic Ca2 store vesicles. Biochemistry 46(50): 14663-14671.
17. Nguyen T, Chin WC, Verdugo P (1998) Role of Ca2/K ion exchange in intracellular storage and release of Ca2. Nature 395(6705): 908-912.
18. Santodomingo J, Vay L, Camacho M, Hernandez- SanMiguel E, Fonteriz RI, et al. (2008) Calcium dynamics in bovine adrenal medulla chromaffin cell secretory granules. Eur J Neurosci 28(7): 1265-1274.
19. Quesada I, Chin WC, Verdugo P (2003) ATP- independent luminal oscillations and release of Ca2+ and H+ from mast cell secretory granules: implications for signal transduction. Biophys J 85(2): 963-970.
20. Bulenda D, Gratzl M (1985) Matrix frees Ca2+ in isolated chromaffin vesicles. Biochemistry 24(26): 7760-7765.
21. Mitchell KJ, Pinton P, Varadi A, Tacchetti C, Ainscow EK (2001) Dense core secretory vesicles revealed as a dynamic Ca (2+) store in neuroendocrine cells with a vesicle-associated membrane protein aequorin chimaera. J Cell Biol 155(1): 41-51.
22. Videen JS, Mezger MS, Chang YM, O’Connor DT (1992) Calcium and catecholamine interactions with adrenal chromogranins. Comparison of driving forces in binding and aggregation. J Biol Chem 267(5): 3066- 3073.
23. Yoo SH, Albanesi JP, Jameson DM (1990) Fluorescence studies of nucleotide interactions with bovine adrenal chromogranin A. Biochim Biophys Acta 1040(1): 66-70.
24. Winkler H, Westhead E (1980) The molecular organization of adrenal chromaffin granules. Neuroscience 5(11): 1803-1823.
25. Phillips JH (1982) Dynamic aspects of chromaffin granule structure. Neuroscience 7(7): 1595-1609.
26. Montesinos MS, Machado JD, Camacho M, Diaz J, Morales YG, et al. (2008) The crucial role of chromogranins in storage and exocytosis revealed using chromaffin cells from chromogranin A null mouse. J Neurosci 28(13): 3350-3358.
27. Yoo SH, Jeon CJ (2000) Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+ channel modulatory role of Cell & Cellular Life Sciences Journal chromogranin A, a Ca2+ storage protein of secretory granules. J Biol Chem 275: 15067-15073.
28. Thrower EC, Park HY, So SH, Yoo SH, Ehrlich BE (2002) Activation of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor by the calcium storage protein chromogranin A. J Biol Chem 277: 15801–15806.
29. Thrower EC, Choe CU, So SH, Jeon SH, Ehrlich BE, et al. (2003) A functional interaction between chromogranin B and the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/ Ca2+ channel. J Biol Chem 278: 49699- 49706.
30. Yoo SH (2000) Coupling of the IP3 receptor/Ca2+ channel with Ca2+ storage proteins chromogranins A and B in secretory granules. Trends Neurosci 23(9): 424-428.
31. Yoo SH, Lewis MS (2000) Interaction of chromogranin B and the near N-terminal region of chromogranin B with an intraluminal loop peptide of the inositol 1,4, 5-trisphosphate receptor. J Biol Chem 275(39): 30293-30300.
32. Mahata SK, O’Connor DT, Mahata M, Yoo SH, Taupenot L, et al. (1997) Novel autocrine feedback control of catecholamine release. A discrete chromogranin a fragment is a noncompetitive nicotinic cholinergic antagonist. J Clin Invest 100(6): 1623-1633.
33. Mahata SK, Mahata M, Wen G, Wong WB, Mahapatra NR, et al. (2004) The catecholamine release- inhibitory “catestatin” fragment of chromogranin a: naturally occurring human variants with different potencies for multiple chromaffin cell nicotinic cholinergic responses. Mol Pharmacol 66(5): 1180- 1191.
34. Aardal S, Helle KB (1992) The vasoinhibitory activity of bovine chromogranin A fragment (vasostatin) and its indepen dence of extracellular calcium in isolated segments of human blood vessels. Regul Pept 41(1): 9-18.
35. Tota B, Mazza R, Angelone T, Nullans G, Metz- Boutigue MH, et al. (2003) Peptides from the N- terminal domain of chromogranin A (vasostatins) exert negative inotropic effects in the isolated frog heart. Regul Pept 114(2-3): 123-130.
36. Egger M, Schgoer W, Beer AG, Jeschke J, Leierer J, et al. (2007) Hypoxia up-regulates the angiogenic cytokine secretoneurin via an HIF-1- and basic FGF-dependent pathway in muscle cells. FASEB J 21(11): 2906-2917.
37. Fischer-Colbrie R, Kirchmair R, Kahler CM, Wiedermann CJ, Saria A (2005) Secretoneurin: a new player in angiogenesis and chemotaxis linking nerves, blood vessels and the immune system. Curr Protein Pept Sci 6(4): 373-385.
38. Zhang K, Rao F, Wen G, Salem RM, Vaingankar S, et al. (2006) Catecholamine storage vesicles and the metabolic syndrome: The role of the chromogranin A fragment pancreastatin. Diabetes Obes Metab 8(6): 621-633.
39. Kirchmair R, Hogue-Angeletti R, Gutierrez J, Fischer- Colbrie R, Winkler H (1993) Secretoneurin–a neuropeptide generated in brain, adrenal medulla and other endocrine tissues by proteolytic processing of secretogranin II (chromogranin C). Neuroscience 53(2): 359-365.
40. Tatemoto K, Efendic S, Mutt V, Makk G, Feistner GJ, et al. (1986) Pancreastatin, a novel pancreatic peptide that inhibits insulin secretion. Nature 324(6096): 476-478.
41. Alexxandra Z, Alexander k, Marc JB, Ettje FT, Melanie S, et al. (2016) Population-based metagenomics analysis reveals markers for gut microbiome composition and diversity. Science, 352(6285): 565- 569.
42. Schneider FH, Smith AD, Winkler H (1967) Secretion from the adrenal medulla: biochemical evidence for exocytosis. Br J Pharmacol Chemother 31(1): 94-104.