ISSN: 2640-2637
Authors: Mazini L*, Rochette L and Malka G
Different theories on how cells aged and many strategies to overcome this have been thought and retained much more attention in designing research in tissue regeneration and skin anti-aging. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have showed great interest since identified as residual stem cells in almost adult organs. These cells presented great ability in migration and were recruited rapidly into wounded sites where process of cell differentiation towards various skin cell components occurred. MSCs senescence may be involved in the loss of tissue homeostasis, which could lead to organs failure and development of age-related diseases. Several studies have demonstrated that intravenously injected MSCs can migrate specifically to the sites of tissue damage, such as those caused by ischemic conditions or inflammation. A continuous state of inflammation in the wound creates a cascade that perpetuates a nonhealing state. During the inflammatory phase, MSCs coordinate the effects of inflammatory cells and inhibit the deleterious effects of inflammatory cytokines. Different proteins are secreted by these cells such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β), and Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF11) are the key tools for ensuring tissue regeneration. The mechanisms inducing tissue degeneration and cell aging remained multifactorial and still unclear. The skin undergoes constant changes, with a high capacity of repair and renovation. In wound healing, evidence established the involvement of MSCs and dermal fibroblasts (DF) through sirtuins and SMAD pathways. Moreover, the mainly and recently studied secretome of MSCs is the extracellular vesicles involved in migration and proliferation of DF and keratinocytes where GDF11 and TGF-β were expected to play the principal role. Theoretically identical MSCs populations from individuals may display different secretome properties, depending on factors including age and health status. Another source of adult stem cells, called adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), is relatively newer and less invasive with asimilar cell differentiation potential. Further in-depth studies are needed to clarify the relationships between these factors in promoting wound healing and antiaging process. These new approaches might be adapted for various cell types and the specific secretome promising for application in regenerative medicine.
Keywords: Skin; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Dermal Fibroblasts; Wound Healing; Aging; TGF-β; GDF11
