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Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine Research Article 14 min read

Herbal Expectorants for the Pandemic Period and Beyond: A Review

Nayagam JR*, George S and Sagna A
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-4986  10.23880/jonam-16000254  Received: June 06, 2020  Published: July 09, 2020
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Keywords
Herbal Expectorants COVID-19 Traditional Expectorants
Abstract

As the ongoing COVID 19 pandemic has become a global health crisis and it mainly affects respiratory tract. An effort for presenting the traditional expectorants of the herbal medicine gains its attention, which is promising for the world population from the plant genetic resources to reduce the pressure on pharmacy for medicine. Herbal expectorants are proved to be environmentally safe and are available in around any habitats. Forty eight species of plants used traditionally as expectorants from six continents are included in the present study. Plant parts used its dosage forms, bioactive compounds having expectorant activities are evaluated in the study. Abies webbiana Lindl. belongs to gymnosperm, Adiantum capillus-veneries L. is a pteridophyte and 42 others are flowering plants. These plants were distributed and used as herbal expectorants in different continents of the world except Antartica. Forty two species studied are distributed in Asia, thirteen species in Europe, six species from South America, five species in Africa and three species each in Australia and North America. Distribution pattern with respect to different continent is considered, which an added attraction is. During this dreadful situation people can rely on herbal expectorants to subside respiratory infections and increase immunity.

Introduction

The initial symptoms of COVID-19 patients include were fever, myalgia, sore throat and dry cough which are common to any acute respiratory virus infection. Pneumonia was consistent with the manifestation of lower respiratory tract infections. By contrast, upper respiratory tract symptoms were less common in these patients. Non-specific symptoms included dizziness, diarrhoea, vomiting, headache, and generalised weakness [1].

Chloroquine, a widely-used anti-malarial and autoimmune disease drug, was reported as a potential broad- spectrum antiviral drug [2]. Remdesivir is an adenosine analogue, which incorporates into nascent viral RNA chains and results in pre-mature termination [3]. It was repoted that remdesivir and chloroquine are highly effective in the control of 2019-nCoV infection in vitro [4]. Azithromycin added to hydroxychloroquine was significantly more efficient for virus elimination [5]. Development of its preventive and treatment is still an ongoing process by scientists from all over the world. It is in this contest an effort for presenting the traditional expectorants of the herbal medicine gains its attention, which is promising for the world population when enough quantity of medicine is not available. When world is in the hands of terrifying infection, people with mild symptoms can exist with herbal solutions.

Herbal Expectorants

Forty eight species of plants used traditionally as expectorants in different parts of the world are critically avaluated and presented in Table.1. Among these species Abies webbiana Lindl. belongs to gymnosperm, Adiantum

capillus-veneries L. is a pteridophyte and rest other species are flowering plants that include six monocot speceis belong to four families and forty species are dicotyledons from twenty six families. These plants are distributed and used as herbal expectorants in different continents of the world except Antartica. Forty two species studied are distributed in Asia, thirteen species in Europe, six species from South America, five species in Africa and three species each in Australia and North America. Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is widely distributed in all the six continents either by natural occurance or by way of cultivation. Marrubium vulgare Linn. and Origanum majorana Linn. are scattered in three continents; Africa, Europe and Asia, while Borago officinalis Linn. is distributed in South America, Europe and Asia. Other species are limited to one or two continent in distribution and used as herbal expectorants.

Herbal drugs in crude form or in polyherbal formulations for the treatment of cough are better alternatives of modern cough drugs [6]. Decoctions or infusions of different parts of the plants studied are used individually or in combinations to cure cough, sore throat, bronchitis, asthma and other respiratory tract problems. In Dorema ammoniacum, Liquidambar orientalis and Styrax benzoin, stem exudates are used as expectorant. Researches on herbal medicines have reported that bio active components like saponin, alkaloids, flavonoids, terpinoids and phenolic compounds are used in the treatment of cough [7]. Terpinoids and flavonoids are found to be major bio active compounds having expectorant action in the selected plant species. Phenols, alkaloids and saponins are also components of these plants involved in cough remedies. Limonene an expectorant is a monoterpene present in three plants Carum carvi, Melaleuca leucadendron and Zingiber officinale. Flavanoid luteolin is a cough suppresser isolated from Anisochilus carnosus, Ficus carica and Mucuna monosperma. Cressa cretica, Eucalyptus globulus and Ficus carica contain flavonoid quercetin which is an expectorant theraputic. Flavonoid rutin has an expectorant activity obtained from Brunella vulgaris, Tussilago farfara and Viola tricolor. Origanum majorana and Thymus serpyllum yield natural terpinoid thymol with expectorant property. Bio active components of the plants included in the present study shows there relevance to be used as expectorant in folk medicines.

SL
No		Botanical NameCommon NameFamily nameDistribution-
continent/
country		Part and
Form of
use as
expectorant		Bioactive chemicals
detected		Reference
1Abies
webbianaLindl.		Indian SilverPinaceaeAsia – IndiaDried leaves
- powdered
leaves along
with the juice
of Adathoda
vasica and
honey		Flavonoids,
biflavonoid
glycosides and
phytosterols.		[8]
2Acacia
concinna(Willd.)
DC.		Indian AcalyphaEuphorbiaceaeAsia – IndiaLeaves -
Decoction		Saponin, lupeol,
aspinasterol,
acacic acid lactone,
hexacosanol and
aspinasterone		[9]
3Adiantum capillus-
veneries L.		American
Maidenhair
Fern, Venus Hair,
Rock Fern.		AdiantaceaeAsia – IndiaLeaves -
Decoction
is filtered
and honey
or sugar
is added;
Infusion		Flavonoid,
glucosides,
terpenoids,
adiantone,
isoquercetin,
astragalin,
kaempferol		[10-12]
4Allium cepaLinn.OnionLiliaceae/AlliaceaeAsia – IndiaBulb -
Decoction,
infusion,
fresh juice,
raw, cooked,
or roasted
bulb		Thiosulphinates,
cepaenes		[13]
5Amygdalus
persicaLinn.		Peach treeRosaceaeAsia – China,
Korea, Japan,
India		Bark, seeds,
leaves		Amygdalin[14-19]
6Anisochilus
carnosus Wall.		Karpuravalli
(Folk name-
southern
region)		Labiatae/
Lamiaceae		Asia – IndiaLeaves and
stem - Fresh
juices of
leaves mixed
with sugar
and gingelly
oil; Leaves
and stems in
infusion		Glucosides of
luteolin and
apigenin.		[13,20]
7Barleria
prionitis Linn.		Common Yellow
Nail Dye Plant		AcanthaceaeAsia – IndiaLeaves and
dried stem
bark		Glycosides such as
6-O-trans-p-
coumaroyl-8-O-
acetylshanzhiside,
barlerin and
acetylbarlerin		[13,21]
8Blumea
balsamiferaDC.		Ngai CamphorCompositae/
Asteraceae		Asia – IndiaLeaves -
Infusion		Borneol,
caryophyllene,
ledol phytol,
caryophyllene oxide,
guaiol.		[22]
9Boerhavia
diffusaLinn.		Horse-purslane,
Hogweed		NyctaginaceaeAsia – IndiaWhole plant
-Infusion		Phenolics glycosides,
terpenoids,
rotenoids,		[23,24]
10Borago
officinalisLinn.		Borage, Cow’s
Tongue Plant		BoraginaceaeSouth America
- Argentina;
Europe - Spain
- Canary Island;
Asia		Leaf, dried
pedicel,
dried flowers
- Leaf and
dried flower
infusion;
decoction
of the dried
pedicels		Gamma linolenic
acid, ascorbic
acid, lycopsamine,
supindine
viridiflorate,
pyrrolizidine
alkaloid		[12,25-28],
11Brunella
vulgarisLinn.		Self-healLabiatae/
Lamiaceae		Europe -
Germany; Asia –
India, Turkey		Aerial aprts,
infloresence
- infusions
mixed with
honey		Flavonoids,rutin.[29-31]
12Carum carvi Linn.CarawayUmbelliferae/
Apiaceae		Europe; AsiaSeedsVolatile oil consisting
of carvone (40-60%),
and limonene		[32, 33]
13Cassia
occidentalisLinn.		Coffee Senna,
Foetid Cassia,
Negro Coffee		CealsalpiniaceaeSout America
-Peruvian
Amazon		Seeds and
flower
- seeds
brewed into
a coffee-like
beverage;
flower
infusion		Physcion and its
glucosides, emodin,
betasitosterol and
sennosides		[34-36]
14Centipeda
orbicularisLour.		SneezewortCompositae /
Asteraceae		Australia; Asia -
India		Leaves and
wood ash -
pituri		Flavonoids,
sesquiterpenes and
amide		[18,37]
15Cephaelis
ipecacuanha
(Brot.) A. Rich.		Ipecac,
Ipecacuanha		RubiaceaeAmerica; Asia-
India		Roots and
rhizome -
Extract		Emetine, cephaeline,
ipecacuanhic acid,
and nauseating
ethereal oil.		[38,39]
16Cheiranthus cheiri
Linn.		Wall-flower, Gilli
Flower		Cruciferae /
Brassicaceae		Europe; AsiaLeaves ,
flowers and
seeds		Glycosides and
cherinine (a
glucoside of the
digitalis group)		[13,18,40,41]
17Cinnamomum
camphora(Linn.)
Nees & Eberm.		Camphor tree.LauraceaeAsia - China,
Japan		Wood and
leaves -
Infusion		Camphor, safrol,
linalool, eugenol		[42,43]
18Cordia myxaRoxb.
non Linn.		Sabestan PlumBoraginaceaeAsia - IndiaFruitsAlkaloids, flavanoids,
coumarins		[44,45]
19Cressa creticaLinn.Rudanti,
Rudantikaa,
Rudravanti
(Ayurvedic)		ConvolvulaceaeAsia - Bahrain,
India		Whole plantAlkaloid, β sitosterol,
scopoletin,
quercetin glycosides,
umbelliferone		[46]
20Curcuma
amadaRoxb.		Mango-ginger,
Wild Turmeric		ZingiberaceaeAsia - IndiaRhizomeCurcuminoid[41,47]
21Datisca cannabina
L.		False hempDatiscaceaeAsia - Iraq,
Nepal, India		Whole plant -
Decoction		Flavonoids (datiscin
and datiscanin)		[48,49]
22Dorema
ammoniacum D.
Don.		Ammoniacum,
Gum ammoniac		Umbelliferae /
Apiaceae		Europe;
Northern Asia
- Siberia; Asia -
India, Iran		Gum-resinAmino-
resinol,ferulene
,coumarins and
Ammoniacum		[18,50,51]
23Eriobotrya
japonica Lindl.		Loquat,
Japanese Medlar		RosaceaeAsia - China,
India		Dried leaves
- Ingredient
in Shini-
seihai-to and
Biwayo-to		Flavanoid componds[52,53]
24Eucalyptus
globulusLabill.		Blue-Gum tree,
Australian		MyrtaceaeEurope -Italy,
France;
Australia; S.
America -
Venezuela;
N. America
- Jamaica and
Guaremala; Asia		Leaves,
root bark -
Infusion and
decoction		Crystallized
resin, cymenes,
terpenes, flavonoids
-quercetin, tannins,
volatile oils		[29,54,55]
25Ficus carica Linn.Common FigMoraceaeAfrica -
Morocco; Asia
- India		Leaf -
Infusion and
decoctions		Bergapten, quercetin,
luteolin, and 4
‘,5’-dihydropsoralen		[56]
26Glycyrrhiza
glabraLinn.		Licorice,
Liquorice		Papilionaceae /
Fabaceae		Africa; Asia -
India		Underground
stem and
root		Glycyrrhizin,
Glycosides
-glycyrrhizol,
glabrins A and B		[57,58]
27Hibiscus
mutabilisLinn.		Cotton-Rose,
Chinese-Rose,
Confederate
Rose		MalvaceaeAsia -
Bangladesh,
China		FlowerQuercetin,
kaempferol, betulinic
acid, hexyl stearate,
tetratriacontanol,
nonacosane		[18,59,60]
28Iris germanicaLinn.Orris, Iridis
Rhizome,
German Iris		IridaceaeAfrica - MoroccoRoot -
Infusion		Irigenin S, iriside
A, stigmasterol
(I), irone, irilone,
irigenin, iridin		[61]
29Lilium
candidumLinn.		Madona Lily,
Annunciation
Lily, White Lily		LiliaceaeEurope -
Romania; Asia -
Anatolia, India		Bulb and
flower -
Infusion		Jatropham and
etioline		[62,63]
30Liquidambar
orientalisMill.		Fragrant MapleAltingiaceae /
Hamamelidaceae		Asia - Turkey,
Anatolia		Resin from
trunk		Cinnamic acid,
cinnamin acid
esters, cinnamyl
cinnamate (styracin),
phenylpropyl
cinnamate;
triterpene acids;
vanillin; styrene		[13,64]
31Lobelia inflataLinn.Indian Tabacco,
Pukeweed		Campanulaceae/
Lobeliaceae		North AmericaLeaves - used
in teas and
tinctures		Lobeline,
Lobelachrin, Lobelia
acid.		[65]
32Marrubium
vulgareLinn.		HorehoundLabiatae /
Lamiaceae		Africa - Algeria;
Europe; Central
Asia		Whole plant
- combined
with other
herbs such
as Inula
helenium
L. and
Glycyrrhiza
glabra L.		Marrubiin[66,67]
33Melaleuca
leucadendronLinn.		Cajeput tree,
Swamp Tea tree,
White Tea tree		MyrtaceaeAsia - Burma,
Cambodia,
Thailand, Malay,
Indonasia;
Australia		Essential oilTerpenoids,
nerolidol, limonene,
benzaldehyde,
valeraldehyde, and
dipentene		[68-70]
34Morus albaLinn.ChineseWhite-
Mulberry		MoraceaeAsia - Turkey,
China, India		Root bark,
fruit		Phenolic compounds,
triterpinoids and a
glyceride		[71,72]
35Mucuna
monospermaDC.		Kaakaandolaa
(Ayurveda)		Papilionaceae /
Fabaceae		Asia - Nepal,
Andaman		SeedsLuteolin, acacetin[73]
36Myroxylon
balsamumHarms.		Tolu Balsam treeLeguminosaeS. America
- Colombia,
Venezuela, Peru		Essential oil -
used in cough
syrups and
pills		Benzoic acid and
Cinnamic acid		[74-76]
37Origanum
majoranaLinn.		Sweet
Marjoram.		Labiatae /
Lamiaceae		Asia - Iran;
Africa -
Morocco;
Europe		Seeds ,
aerial parts,
branches -
Infusion		Thymol, rosmarinic
acid, caffeic acid; and
triterpenoids		[13,61,77]
38Pilocarpus
microphyllusStapf.		JaborandiRutaceaeSouth America -
Brazil		LeavesPilocarpine[78]
39Pimpinella
anisumLinn.		Anise, AniseedUmbelliferae /
Apiaceae		Asia - India,
Turkey		Seeds -
powder and
decoctions;
used in
traditional
tea		Volatile oil,
coumarin, β amyrin,
stigmasterol,
flavonoid glycosides		[27,79]
40Polygala
chinensisauct. non
Linn.		SenegaPolygalaceaeAsia - India,
Andaman		Root and
leaves -
Decoction
of roots;
infusion of
leaves		Senegin[13,80,81]
41Saponaria
officinalisLinn.		Bouncing Bet,
Soapwort		CaryophyllaceaeEurope -
Romania; Asia
- Turkey		Leaves, root
and rhizome
- Decoction
prepared
from leaves;
Infusion of
root and
rhizome		Saporubrinic acid
and Saponin		[13,27,82,83]
42Scindapsus
officinalisSchott.		Ayurvedic-
Gajakrishna,
Hastipippali,
Gajapippali		AraceaeAsia - India,
Andaman		Whole plant
- used in
medicated
oils;
Decoction of
green leaves		Scindapsin A and B[10,13,84,85]
43Styrax benzoin Dry.True Gum
Benzoin,
Sumatra
Benzoin or Gum
Benjamin		StyraceaeSouth-East Asia
and East Indies		Stem
exudates		Cinnamic, benzoic
and sumaresinolic
acid esters		[86,87]
44Thymus
serpyllumLinn.		Mother-of-
thyme, Wild
Thyme		Labiatae /
Lamiaceae		N. America
- Britain; Asia -
India, Nepal		Aerial parts
- combining
it with other
plants like
Tussilago
farfara L., or
Marrubium
vulgare L.		Thymol[88-90]
45Tussilago
farfaraLinn.		Coughwort,
Coltsfoot, Asses’
Foot		Compositae /
Asteraceae		Europe - Italy,
Balkans; Asia -
India, Nepal		Aerial parts,
leaves and
flowers -
Infusion		Chlorogenic acid,
isochlorogenic
acid A, B and C,
3,5-dicaffeoylquinic
acid, and rutin		[91,92]
46Viola odorataLinn.Sweet violetViolaceaeEurope; Asia -
Iran, India		RootsVolatile oil, salicylic
acid methyl ester,
saponins, alkaloids.		[18,92,93]
47Viola tricolorLinn.Heartsease,
Wild Pansy		ViolaceaeEurope; Asia,
Turkey		Aerial parts -
Infusion		Rutin, violin and
salicylic acid		[18,27,92]
48Zingiber officinale
Rosc.		GingerZingiberaceaeAsia - IndiaRhizome -
Juice mixed
with honey;
Boil ginger in
milk		Zingiberene,
camphene, ß-pinene,
myrcene, limonene,
1,8-cineole ,
ß-phellandrene.		[94,95]

Table 1: List of Plant Species Used as Expectorants from Different Parts of the World and Key Source of Information.

Conclusion

Based on the present understanding of novel coronavirus pathogenesis and symptoms known so far, an attempt has been made to enunciate the various medicinal herbs from the plant genetic resources in different continents of earth. The plants and its parts, which are used as its decoctions and infusions and their combinations could be done as a treatment benefit for COVID-19 patients and those with seasonal flu and health issues. This may also increase immunity of the patients and provide resistance and safety of them against the viral infection.

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@article{nayagam2020,
  title   = {Herbal Expectorants for the Pandemic Period and Beyond: A Review},
  author  = {Nayagam JR, George S and Sagna A},
  journal = {Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine},
  year    = {2020},
  volume  = {4},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.23880/jonam-16000254}
}
Nayagam JR, George S and Sagna A (2020). Herbal Expectorants for the Pandemic Period and Beyond: A Review. Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine, 4(3). https://doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000254
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Herbal Expectorants for the Pandemic Period and Beyond: A Review
AU  - Nayagam JR, George S and Sagna A
JO  - Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine
PY  - 2020
VL  - 4
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.23880/jonam-16000254
ER  -