Beta Fulltext view is in preview — article structure may vary. Browse all articles
Contents
Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine Research Article 18 min read

Role of Ayurvedic Herbs in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children

Khandelwal R, Vyas PP, Singhal HK* and Dhakar S*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-4986  10.23880/jonam-16000375  Received: January 11, 2023  Published: January 30, 2023
 — views
 48 references
 1 table
PDF
Keywords
ADHD Ayurveda Buddhi Medha Herbs Unmada
Abstract

Ayurvedic system of medicine has a treasury of description of several Ayurveda herbs that elevate the mental as well as intellectual power primarily claimed as 'Medhya'. Firstly, the Rasayana drugs which are mentioned in Charaka Samhita called 'Medhya Rasayana' are supposed to be having specific influence on brain functions. Cognitive deficit can be present from birth or result from environmental causes such as brain damage, mental illness, or neurological abnormalities. This causes significant restrictions to the ability to learn and operate, like in ADHD. Sufferer of this clinical entity children stay confused, unable to do daily routine work normally, face difficulty in learning and understanding, unable to focus on one thing at a time. In Ayurvedic literature, impairment of memory is mentioned as Smriti bhramsha which occurs due to vitiation of Raja and Tama dosha. It has been noted that cognitive functions are thoroughly affected due to stress, anxiety and other related psychological disorders. It has been explained that Medha (intellect) and Buddhi (wisdom) get deteriorated in this condition. Some features of ADHD are resembled with Unmada. Medhya drugs mentioned in Ayurveda have multi-dimensional actions including effect on memory. These not only enhance the intellectual capacity but also rejuvenate the whole body system and their pathways. This review article delineates the introduction of ADHD, its Ayurvedic association and the herbs that are effective in management of ADHD.

Introduction

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by an ongoing pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity that persist up to six months to a degree that is inconsistent with developmental level and that negatively affects the social and academics achievements [1]. Statistics shows an upward trend in the prevalence of ADHD. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder afflicts approximately 2-7% of children globally. ADHD prevalence in India, however, is much higher than the global average. In a study, it was found that ADHD prevalence in primary school children to be higher than the global estimate, at 11.32%. The highest prevalence is found in ages 9 (at 26.4%) and 10 (at 25%) [2]. About one third to one half of patients with ADHD will have persistent symptoms in to adulthood, children with untreated ADHD often have a life time of sufferings and often have a number of associated complications. Structural, functional, physiological abnormalities in various regions of the brain by complex interactive operations of genetic and environmental factors lead to the pathogenesis of ADHD. Person with Inattention [3] means a person may have difficulty staying on task, sustaining focus, and staying organized, and these problems are not due to defiance or lack of comprehension. Hyperactivity [4]  means a person may seem to move about constantly, including in situations when it is not appropriate, or excessively fidgets, taps, or talks. In adults, hyperactivity may mean extreme restlessness or talking too much. Impulsivity [5]  means a person may act without thinking or have difficulty with self-control. Impulsivity could also include a desire for immediate rewards or the inability to delay gratification. An impulsive person may interrupt others or make important decisions without considering long-term consequences. Diagnosis of ADHD is done on the basis of Behavioural Rating Scale i.e. DSM V criteria, history of presenting problems, involvement of CNS, chronic illness, sensory impairment, sleep disorders, medications and any first degree relative suffering from ADHD or any behavioural disorder. Educate parents about ADHD is the foremost management of ADHD. Behavioural therapy along with medications was the mainstay of treatment. Behavioural strategies should be followed during treatment of ADHD affected children like clear and explicit instructions to the child about desirable behaviour, well - structured routine for child at home.

Aims and Objectives

  • To review the literature for Ayurvedic management of A.D.H.D (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
  • To elaborate the mode of action of Medhya herbs which are effective in the management of ADHD.

Materials and Methods

Classical texts of Ayurveda like Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita and modern textbook including digital media, Ayush Research Portal, PubMed, Google Scholar and other websites on internet regarding the subjects utilized as source material in the study.

Ayurveda Perspective of Adhd

In Ayurveda classics there is no specific description of ADHD, although some symptoms of ADHD is found scattered in Ayurveda classics under the description of Unmada.

Unmada sign and symptoms are characterised as psychiatric/ psychosomatic disorders in Ayurveda. It is characterised by vitiation at the level of Mana, Buddhi, Sangya, Gyana, Smriti, Bhakti, Sheela, Cheshta and Achara [6]. In Mano Vibrama person’s mind loss control over senses, reacts on unwanted stimuli, impaired deduction and decision-making. In Buddhi Vibhrama impairment in cognition of Indriyaartha by respective Indriya, leads to improper perception of things like ephemeral and harmful things as useful or vice versa. ADHD child shows risky behaviour due this affliction. Jana Vibhram results, child not able to take proper decision in proper time which leads to inappropriate action. Due to Buddhi and Gyana Vibhrama that leads to difficulty in reading and writing in ADHD. Smriti Vibhrama is due to imbalance in Raja and Tama Guna results in inability of child to learn, unable differentiate between which condition is right and wrong because of lack of learning from past experiences. Therefore, child blurts out answers at wrong time and place. In Bhakti Vibhram, child may show interest in strange things that may cause dangerous action. In Sheela Vibhrama, child may suffer from sleep disturbance, interest in eating only a particular taste of food and drinks, day sleep and night awakening. In Cheshta Vibhram, child may get involve in fidgets and quarrel because of impaired inhibitory function. Psychic constitutions Raja and Tama Prakriti shows abnormal behaviour. Unmada is a psychosomatic mental disorder in which Manovaha Srotas are chiefly affected. The properties of Manas are ‘Anutwa’ and ‘Ekatwa’ i.e., subtly and singleness or oneness. Due to its singleness, only single knowledge occur at a time. Manas remains engaged in a particular sense organ and cannot perceive two or more objects at a time.

The core symptoms of ADHD include inattention, hyper activity and impulsivity. Inattention (Anavasthita chitatwam) due to derangement of Dhee, Drithi and Smriti, mind loses its capacity of concentration, attention and learning and the person indulges in irrelevant tasks and dangerous activities. Vata vridhi and Rajo Vridhi causes Manovibhrama by the properties of Chalatwa and Anavasthitatwam. Hyperactivity (Cheshtavibhrama) explained by Chakrapani as Anuchita Cheshta or improper activities such as runs about or climbs in situations where it is not appropriate, excessive talking etc. In ADHD, an increase in the Chalatwa Gunam of Vayu and Raja leads to hyperactivity. Dhrithi Bhramsa (derangement of controlling and regulating power of mind) also leads to hyperactivity. Impulsivity is similar to the term ‘Autsukya’ caused by budhi vibhrama, which has been explained by Hemadri as ‘Avicaarya Karya Pravrithi’ [7]. Due to this, the person get lost himself in the vishayas and take sudden decisions without considering the consequences and situations and result in impulsive actions or thoughts. Due to Smriti vibhramsa also, the child is unable to learn from past experiences and thus behave impulsively. According to Kasyapa [8], a child with Unmada shows the symptoms like Vaichityam (instability of mind), Pralapam (incoherent speech) and Arati (inattention).

Dhee vibhramIntellectual confusion
Satwa pariplawaExcessive spontaneous mind wandering
AdheertaFear and anxiety
AbhadhavakatwamIndistinct and incoherent speech
Hridyam ch shunyamSensory processing problems
Paryakula drishtiAltered control of visual fixation and saccadic eye movements

Table 1: General sign and symptom of unmade [9] in correspondence to ADHD.

Herbs Effective in ADHD

As the symptoms of the disease ADHD are common as that of Vatapittotara Unmada, therefore the treatment adopted should be of the same. As the mind and the body are a functional continuum, this condition can be approached with Sodhana and Shamana and Chittaprasadana measures, taking care of the age Prakriti, Dhatu Sarata and Bala of child and concerning the indications and contra indications.

In Ayurveda, management of ADHD can be done with the herbs, and food that are indeed beneficial for the optimum functioning of the body as well as the brain. These herbs effect on the brain to attain calmness or a stimulation of activities. They also produce neuronutrient effect by improving cerebral metabolism too. Thus, these drugs works on the intellect (Dhee), retention power (Dhriti) and memory (Smriti). Medhya drugs are known to have specific effect on mental performance by promoting the functions of “Buddhi” and “Manas” by correcting the disturbances of “Rajas” and “Tamas” which is vitiated in ADHD child. The Medhya effect of drugs can be considered as Prabhava janya (unthinkable and unimaginable). This attribution holds good since the action of Medhya Dravya cannot be related to a particular quality of the drug. Maintaining of normal functioning of Sadhaka Pitta and Tarpaka Kapha present in Hridya is the desired place of action for any Medhya drug. Medhya drugs also act on Manasika bhavas (faculties of mind) by relieving anxiety, stress etc.

Medhya Rasayana is group of medicinal plants described in Ayurveda with multi-fold benefits, specifically to improve memory and intellect by Prabhava (specific action). Medha means intellect and/or retention and Rasayana means therapeutic preparation that on regular practice will boost nourishment, health, memory, intellect, immunity and hence longevity. Medhya Rasayana is a group of four medicinal plants that can be used singly or in combinations. They are Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn.), Yastimadhu (Glycirrhiza glabra Linn.), Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Wild) Miers) and Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis Chois), specially mentioned with wide range of applications on different systems. Other beneficial drugs used with similar aim are Brahmi (Bacopa monniera), Jyotishmati (Celastrus panniculata), Vacha (Acorus calamus), Jatamamsi (Nardostachys jatamamsi) and Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida). These used either single or combination form.

Mandukaparni (Centella asiatica Linn.): Major constituents present in Mandukparni are saponins, medacoside, asiaticoside, medacassoside and Asiatic acid, a new triterpenicacid [10]. Asiatic acid (AA), a penta cyclic triterpene in Mandukaparni, possess neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in vivo [11]. They act on behaviour besides being neuroprotective and brain growth promoters. Dendritic arborization is supposed to be the neuronal basis for improved learning and memory [12]. Studies showed that Centella asiatica Linn. accelerates nerve regeneration on oral administration and contains multiple active fractions increasing neurite elongation in-vitro [13].

Yasthimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.): Glycyrrhizin (GL) is a triterpene present in the roots and rhizomes of liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra). It is found to have neuroprotective effect in the Kainic acid induced neuronal cell death in mouse [14]. The roots and rhizomes of G. glabra has been studied with respect to spatial learning and passive avoidance [15]. Liquorice has significant action on memory enhancing activity in dementia, it significantly improved learning and memory on scopolamine induced dementia [16]. The isoflavones, glabridin and hispalglabridins A and B of G. glabra Linn. have significant antioxidant activity. The antioxidants protect susceptible brain cells from the oxidative stress, resulting in reduced brain damage and improved neuronal function, thereby enhancing the memory [17]. Memory strengthening activity of Yastimadhu in exteroceptive and interoceptive behavioural models of memory is also shown by other investigators [18].

Guduchi (Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers.): Chemical constituents’ classes are alkaloids, diterpenoid lactones, glycosides, steroids, sesquiterpenoids, phenolics, aliphatic compounds and polysaccharides [19]. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd) Miers. has been claimed to possess learning and memory enhancing and antioxidant activities [20, 21] and anti-stress activity [22]. Tinospora cordifolia enhanced the cognition in normal and cognition deficits animals in behavioural test Hebb William maze and the passive avoidance task [17]. It is useful for treatment of Bhrama (Vertigo), in improving behaviour disorders, mental deficit and IQ levels [23]. It has been proved that it enhances verbal learning and memory and logical memory (of immediate and short-term type), cognition (learning and memory) in normal rats and cyclosporine induced memory deficit, anti-stress, anti-depressant and anxiolytic properties, improvement in sensible memory impairment [24].

Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pleuricaulis Chois.): Important chemical principles are microphyllic acid, shankhapushpin, kaempferol-kaempferol-3-glucoside, 3, 4 dihydroxycinnamic acid andsitosterols. According to studies, extract of Convolvulus pleuricaulis and its ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were evaluated for their memory enhancing properties [25]. BR-16A (Mentat) a poly-herbal combination containing Shankhapushpi significantly reversed the social isolation stress-induced prolongation of onset and decrease in pentobarbitone-induced sleep, increased total motor activity [26]. Shankhpushpi calms hyperactivity, impulsivity by regulating the body’s production of the stress hormones, adrenaline and cortisol [27]. In another study it was proved that Shankhapushpi compound (containing Shankhapushpi, Sarpagandha, and Gokshura in equal quantities) found to be effective in ameliorating symptoms of Chittodvega (anxiety disorders) [28].

Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri (L.) Wettst.): Bacopa monniera is a well-known nootropic plant reported for its tranquilizing [29], sedative action, and cognitive enhancer. Plant extracts and isolated Bacosides have been extensively investigated in several laboratories for their neuro pharmacological effects and number of reports are available confirming their Nootropic action. Preliminary studies established that treatment with plant [30] on rats, alcoholic extract increases both cognitive function and retention capacity, decreases retrograde amnesia and protects from phenytoin - induced cognitive deficit [31]. Brahmi rasayana might prove to be a useful memory restorative agent in the treatment of dementia [32]. Administration of Bacopa monnieri for two weeks, also reversed the depletion of acetylcholine, the reduction in acetyl cholinesterase activity and the decrease in muscarinic cholinergic receptor binding in the frontal cortex and hippocampus, induced by neurotoxin, colchicines [33].

Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus Willd.): Seed oil of Jyotishmati is known for Medhya action. This oil contains several terpenoids like paniculatadiol, b-sitosterol, celastrol, b-amyrin, pristimerin [34]. According to some research work, seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus Willd reverse scopolamine- induced deficits in navigational memory task in young adult rats [35]. Celastrus paniculatus oil treatment for 14 days showed beneficial effect on chronic restraint stress-induced cognitive deficits. It restored spatial learning and memory, showed anti-anxiety activity in stressed condition. This work provides a novel perspective on beneficial effect of herbal therapy on stress-induced cognitive dysfunctions [36].

Kushmanda (Benincasa hispida (Thumb.) Cogn.): Phytochemical analysis of Benincasa hispida shows presence of alkaloids, flavinoids, saponins and steroids [37]. It has a tissue protective preventive effect on colchicine induced Alzheimer’s disease via direct and indirect antioxidant activity [38]. Kushmandadi Ghrita showed significant results in the management of Chittodvega (anxiety disorders) [39].

Vacha (Acorus calamus Linn.): Rhizome is useful part having Medhya quality. It has been used in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine for hundreds of years to cure diseases especially the central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities [40]. Active chemical principles are α-asarone, elemicine, cis-isoelemicin, cis and Trans isoeugenol and their methyl ethers [41]. Good in clearing speech to the children[42, 43] and useful in schizophrenic psychosis [44].

Jatamansi (Nardostachys jatamansi DC.): Rhizome is used for medicinal purposes as it is Bhutaghna or Manasa Dosha hara (relieves psychiatric problems) and Medhya [45] Roots and rhizomes of N. jatamansi DC. are used to treat hysteria, epilepsy, and convulsions [46]. The decoction of the drug is also used in neurological disorders, insomnia and disorders of cardiovascular system [47]. It is proven to be effective in improving learning and memory in mice [48].

Discussion

A.D.H.D. is a disease that has disagreements about its diagnosis and treatment options. So the disease remains ignored, despite commonly affecting children, resulting in increasing the prevalence year after year. Its prevalence, comorbidities and adverse impact show an upward trend. Parents first go for modern medications, which are not very effective. According to Ayurveda, the management of ADHD can be done by balancing the vitiated Vata Dosha (Prana, Udana and Vyana) that affects Manoarthas and Manokarmas and in turn leads to inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. So the main mode of treatment is to bring vitiated Vata Dosha back to normalcy and proper maintenance of Agni. The herbs useful in ADHD are having the properties of Ama Pachana as well as Agni Deepana along with bringing back of Prakupita Vata Dosha back to normalcy. Treatment includes Vata-Pitta pacifying herbs and Medhya Rasayanas substances which improve cognitive function, such as Brahmi, Mandukaparni, Yashtimadhu, Vacha, Jatamansi, Shankhpushpi etc. to control inattention, hyperactivity, impulsivity, and distractibility. The following herbs can help children achieve proper brain function and improve their reading, writing, and learning abilities. The properties of drugs are described, demonstrating that herbs can help children with psychosomatic disorders and cognitive deficits. These herbs are a gift for children who are suffering from stress and anxiety not only in school but also in society. Various Acharya describes these herbs as Medhya, which are later on proved as memory enhancer and helpful in attaining mental health by modern medical system. Acharya Charak and Sushrut both mentioned four herbs under medhya rasayana i.e., Mandukparni Swarasa, Yashtimadhu Churna with Ksheer, Guduchi Swarasa, and Shankhapushpi Kalka. These help to perform various brain functions and helps to attain anxiety free life. These drugs of Medhya Rasayana are easily available and every person of any age group can consume it without having any side effects. Medhya herbs gives it best effect if consumed with its proper vehicle and proper mode of administration, ultimately Vata controlled auto correction of Rajo Guna occurs as well as correction of Tamas Guna which aids in reduction in ADHD sign and symptoms.

Conclusion

Ayurveda system of medicine is no more behind the modern medicine system as it is capable enough to cures physical as well as mental abnormalities. Ayurveda is a holistic science that provides solutions for psychosomatic disorders in a fruitful way without any complication to the patient. In the present scenario, herbs of Ayurveda can be used to obtain effective results in memory related disorders, cognitive deficits, etc. Based on above it can be said that Ayurveda medicine system is very effective in the treatment of ADHD and other psychosomatic disorders.

References

  1. ADHD Institute (2023) Formal diagnosis of ADHD is made by clinical assessment and use of the international medical classification systems, DSM-5TM and ICD-11. Diagnosis.
  2. Venkata JA, Panicker AS (2013) Prevalence of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in primary school children. Indian J Psychiatry 55(4): 338-342.
  3. NIMH (2023) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Inattention). National Institute of Mental Health, USA.
  4. NIMH (2023) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Hyperactivity). National Institute of Mental Health, USA.
  5. NIMH (2023) Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (Impulsivity). National Institute of Mental Health, USA.
  6. Shastri K, Chaturvedi G (2008) Charka Samhita, Vidhyotini Hindi Commentary, Nidana Sthana chapter-7/5, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy, Varanasi, India, pp: 656.
  7. Gupt A (2005) Astanga Hridayam, Vidhyotini Hindi Commentary, Sutra sthanam-11/1, Chaukhamba Sanskrita Sansthan, Varanasi, India, pp: 85.
  8. Bhishagacharya SS (2005) Kasyapa Samhitha (Vridhajeevakeeya Tantra) Vidhyotini Hindi Commentary. 10th(Edn.), Sutrasthana 25/20, Chaukhamba Sanskrit Sansthana, Varanasi, India, pp: 34.
  9. Shastri K, Chaturvedi G (1998) Charka Samhita, Vidhyotini Hindi Commentary, Chikitasa Sthana chapter-9/6, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy, Varanasi, India, pp: 306.
  10. Sharma PC, Yelne MB, Dennis TJ (2005) Database on Medicinal plants used in Ayurveda and Siddha. Volume 1, CCRAS, Dept. of AYUSH, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, pp: 265-266
  11. Xu MF, Xiong YY, Liu JK, Qian JJ, Zhu L, et al. (2012) Asiatic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene in Centella asiatica, attenuates glutamate-induced cognitive deficits in mice and apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 33(5): 578-587.
  12. Mohandas Rao KG, Muddanna Rao S, Gurumadhva Rao S (2006) Centella asiatica (L.) leaf extract treatment during the growth spurt period enhances hippocampal CA3 neuronal dendritic arborization in rats. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 3(3): 349-357.
  13. Soumyanath A, Zhong YP, Gold SA, Yu X, Koop DR, et al. (2005) Centella asiatica accelerates nerve regeneration upon oral administration and contains multiple active fractions increasing neurite elongation in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 57(9): 1221-1229.
  14. Luo L, Jin Y, Kim ID, Lee JK (2014) Glycyrrhizin suppresses HMGB1 inductions in the hippocampus and subsequent accumulation in serum of a kainic acid-induced seizure mouse model. Cell Mol Neurobiol 34(7): 987-997.
  15. Ravichandra V, Devi A, Adiga S, Rai KS (2007) Evaluation of the effect of Glycyrrhiza glabra linn root extract on spatial learning and passive avoidance response in rats. Indian Drugs 44(3): 214-219.
  16. Dhingra D, Parle M, Kulkarni SK (2004) Memory enhancing activity of Glycyrrhiza glabra in mice. J Ethnopharmacol 91(2-3): 361-365.
  17. Reddy K, Sabapathi ML, Kumar AS (2010) Review on effect of natural memory enhancing drugs on dementia. International Journal of Phytopharmacology 1(1): 1-7.
  18. Dhingra D, Valecha R (2007) Evaluation of the antidepressant-like activity of Convolvulus pluricaulis choisy in the mouse forced swim and tail suspension tests. Med Sci Monit 13(7): BR155-BR161.
  19. Singh SS, Pandey SC, Srivastava S, Gupta VS, Patro B (2003) Chemistry and medicinal properties of tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi). Indian Journal of Pharmacology 35(2): 83-91.
  20. Singh RP, Banerjee S, Kumar PV, Raveesha KA, Rao AR (2006) Tinospora cordifolia induces enzymes of carcinogen/drug metabolism and antioxidant system, and inhibits lipid peroxidation in mice. Phytomedicine 13(1-2): 74-84.
  21. Mainzen Prince PS, Menon VP (2001) Antioxidant action of Tinospora cordifolia root extract in alloxan diabetic rats. Phytother Res 15(3): 213-218.
  22. Choudhary, Namrta, Siddiqui, MB Khatoon, Sayyada (2014) Pharmacognostic evaluation of Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers and identification of biomarkers. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 13(3): 543-550.
  23. Upadhyay AK, Kumar K, Kumar A, Mishra HS (2010) Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook. f. and Thoms. (Guduchi) - Validation of the Ayurvedic pharmacology through experimental and clinical studies. Int J Ayurveda Res 1(2): 112-121.
  24. Bairy KL, Rao YK, Kumar KB (2004) Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia on Learning and Memory in Healthy Volunteers: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Study. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics 3: 57-60.
  25. Bhatnagar M, Sisodia SS, Bhatnagar R (2005) Antiulcer and antioxidant activity of Asparagus racemosus Willd and Withania somnifera Dunal in rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1056: 261-278.
  26. Kumar A, Kulkarni SK (2006) Protective effect of BR- 16A, a polyherbal preparation against social isolation stress: possible GABAergic mechanism. Phytother Res 20(7): 538-541.
  27. Kumar V (2006) Potential medicinal plants for CNS disorders: an overview. Phytother Res 20(12): 1023- 1035.
  28. Kulkarni R, Girish KJ, Kumar A (2012) Nootropic herbs (Medhya Rasayana) in Ayurveda: An update. Pharmacogn Rev 6(12): 147-153.
  29. Aithal HN, Sirsi M (1961) Pharmacological investigation of Herpestis monneri. Indian J Pharmcol 23: 2-5.
  30. Malhotra CL, Das PK (1959) Pharmacological studies of Herpestis monniera, Linn., (Brahmi). Indian J Med Res 47(3): 294-305.
  31. Vohora D, Pal SN, Pillai KK (2000) Protection from phenytoin-induced cognitive deficit by Bacopa monniera, a reputed Indian nootropic plant. J Ethnopharmacol 71(3): 383-390.
  32. Joshi H, Parle M (2006) Brahmi rasayana Improves Learning and Memory in Mice. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 3(1): 79-85.
  33. Croom LMA, Jackson CL, Vaidya BN, Parajuli P, Joshee N (2016) Thin Cell Layer (TCL) Culture System for Herbal Biomass Production and Genetic Transformation of Bacopa monnieri L. Wettst. American Journal of Plant Sciences 7(8): 1232-1245.
  34. Yong-Qiang T, Da-Gang W, Xian-Min Z, Xiao-Jiang H (1992) Investigation of Bioactive Sesquiterpenoids from Celastrus Paniculatus. Chem J Chinese Universities 13(12): 1548.
  35. Gattu M, Boss KL, Terry Jr AV, Buccafusco JJ (1997) Reversal of scopolamine-induced deficits in navigational memory performance by the seed oil of Celastrus paniculatus. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 57(4): 793-799.
  36. Bhagya V, Christofer T, Shankaranarayana Rao BS (2016) Neuroprotective effect of  Celastrus paniculatus  on chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment. Indian J Pharmacol 48(6): 687-693.
  37. Battu GR, Mamidipalli SN, Parimi R, Viriyala RK, Patchula RP, et al. (2007) Hypoglycemic and anti-hyperglycemic effect of alcohol extract of Benincasa hispida in normal and in alloxan induced diabetic rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine 3(10): 101-105.
  38. Sook-Ja L, Min-Hwan L (2005) Effects of Fractions of Benincasa hispida on Plasma Levels of Glucose and Lipid in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. Journal of Nutrition and Health 38(10): 801-806.
  39. Ahir YU (2005) Clinico-experimental study of Kushmandadi Ghrita in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (DSM-IV) w.s.r.to Chittodvega. Department of Kayachikitsa, IPGT and RA, Gujarat Ayurveda University, Jamnagar, India.
  40. Mukherjee PK, Kumar V, Mal M, Houghton PJ (2007) In vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity of the essential oil from Acorus calamus and its main constituents. Planta Med 73(3): 283-285.
  41. Mazza G (1985) Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies of the constituents of the rhizome of calamus: II. The volatile constituents of alcoholic extracts. Journal of Chromatography A 328: 195-206.
  42. Ignacimuthu S, Ayyanar M, Sivaraman KS (2006) Ethnobotanical investigations among tribes in Madurai District of Tamil Nadu (India). J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2: 25.
  43. Muthu C, Ayyanar M, Raja N, Ignacimuthu S (2006) Medicinal plants used by traditional healers in Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu, India. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2: 43.
  44. Fozdar NG, Doongaji, Bauadia VN, Vahia NS (1962) Preliminary Report of An Indigenous Drug “Acorus Calamus” In Psychiatric Disorders.  Indian Journal of Psychiatry 4(1): 12-16.
  45. Chunekar, Chandra K (2007) Bhavaprakasha Nighantu. 1st (Edn.), Chaukamba Publishers, Varanasi, India, pp: 65.
  46. Bagchi A, Oshima Y, Hikino H (1991) Neolignans and Lignans of Nardostachys jatamansi Roots 1. Planta Med 57(1): 96-97.
  47. Uniyal MR, Issar RK (1969) Commercially and traditionally important medicinal plants in Mandakini valley of Uttarkhand Himalayas. e journal of Indian medicine 4(1): 83-96.
  48. Joshi H, Parle M (2006) Nardostachys jatamansi improves learning and memory in mice. J Med Food 9(1): 113-118.
More from this journal

Cite this article

BibTeX
APA
RIS
@article{khandelwal2023,
  title   = {Role of Ayurvedic Herbs in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children},
  author  = {Khandelwal R, Vyas PP, Singhal HK* and Dhakar S},
  journal = {Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine},
  year    = {2023},
  volume  = {7},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/jonam-16000375}
}
Khandelwal R, Vyas PP, Singhal HK* and Dhakar S (2023). Role of Ayurvedic Herbs in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children. Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000375
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Role of Ayurvedic Herbs in the Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children
AU  - Khandelwal R, Vyas PP, Singhal HK* and Dhakar S
JO  - Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine
PY  - 2023
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/jonam-16000375
ER  -