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Mental Health & Human Resilience International Journal Research Article 12 min read

Development of the Pilot Resilience Scale (Employees, Leaders and Teams)

Barcenilla González MÁ*, Del Rey-Mejías ÁL, Duran-Cutilla M, González-Peñas J, Huete MA and Merchán-Naranjo J
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-5095  10.23880/mhrij-16000117  Received: March 12, 2018  Published: May 16, 2018
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Keywords
Resilience Validation Wellbeing at Work Scales Workers Leaders Teams
Abstract

Background: In the context of resilience, the pilot resilience scale in Spanish was developed to assess resilience for workers, leaders and teams. Method: The factorial structure of the scale was tested using exploratory and confirmatory factors analysis with a Colombian multi-occupational employee sample (N= 53). Results: The reliability (internal consistency) of the scales was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha: Total pilot resilience scale (0.94), individual resilience sub-scale (0.86), leadership resilience sub-scale (0.95) and team resilience sub-scale (0.84). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) determines a structure of 5 factors that explain 46% of variance. Total: 75 items. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) forced to 3 factors and selecting the items up to 99% representativeness of the variability. Total: 41 items. The items were reviewed by experts in work psychology. Final pilot resilience scale includes items the highest statistical weight EFA of 5 factors and all items of CFA (removing repeated items). Conclusions: Total 62 items to be validated in a wide sample of workers in Colombia to develop a reliable instrument to measure resilience.

Introduction

Currently, workers, leaders and work teams face constant changes in their work environment, both internal and external, and resilience could be shown as the key resource when it comes to favoring their adaptation and well-being.

The word resilience derives from Latin “resiliens” and refers to 'jump back', 'bounce back,' fall back '. It is defined as the capacity of adaptation of a living being faces a disturbing agent or an adverse state or situation as well as the capacity of a material, mechanism or system to recover its initial state when the disturbance to which it had been subjected has ceased.

Individual Resilience

The concept of Individual Resilience is defined as the individual variations in the way of responding to risk [1]. And resilience refers to a dynamic process encompassing positive adaptation within the context of significant adversity [2] and resilience refers to a class of phenomena characterized by good outcomes in spile of serious threats to adaptation or development [3]. The concept of resilience in relation to the individual is understood as the ability to overcome adversity, recover, and emerge strengthened, successful and develop social, academic and vocational competence, despite being exposed to severe psychosocial stress [4]. Other authors define resilience as the ability to overcome adversity, recover and strengthen themselves by developing favorable competencies to adapt to changes that may involve psychosocial stress [5]. In the workplace individual resilience can help workers to match the needs of the client, to take advantage of opportunities that might otherwise be lost, to act quickly and effectively in situations of threat and crisis [6]. The individual resilience measures that have been most translated and adapted to Spanish and administered to workers are CD-RISC [7] and RS [8] (Table 1).

Leadership Resilience

Resilience begins with enterprise leadership setting the priorities, allocating the resources and making the commitments to establish organizational resilience throughout the enterprise [9] (Table 2). A measure of leadership resilience is necessary because studies have observed that with higher resilience, nurse leaders are more likely to intend to remain in their leadership positions [10]. Strong leadership that promotes cohesive and interdependent teams is a critical component of a resilient organization [11]. We emphasize the lack of scales to measure leadership resilience in English or Spanish.

Team Resilience

Organizational resilience evolves over time as management and teams adhere to the mission and to the core values of the organization [11]. To cope with life prompts, humans cultivate, through previous disruptions, resilient qualities so that most events become routine and less likely to be disruptive [12]. Extrapolating the concept of the individual to a group of people, refers to the ability of a group of people to develop a series of affinity structures in order to face and overcome an adverse situation effectively. Gilbert (2008) [13] defines it as the innate capacity to survive destruction and learn how to convert the crisis and take advantage of it for growth. Several psychosocial factors such as the relationships involved, effective teamwork originated through cohesion, trust, inventiveness, collective efficacy and relational schemes [14] are considered the resilience characteristics of the equipment. The researches show Resilience as providing a foundational, additive, synergistic, and complementary role to that of self-efficacy, hope and optimism, in enhancing performance and attitudinal outcomes [15]. We emphasize the development of a single scale for measuring team resilience in English [16] and no team resilience scale developed in Spanish. To talk about Resilience workers, leaders and teams must have suffered threats or risks. There are specific resilience scales for workers and teams, mostly in English. (Table 3)

Hypothesis

The Resilience construct in workers involves 3 factors to measure (1. Individual resilience, 2. Leadership resilience and 3. Team resilience).

Objective

The aim and novelty of this study consists in the development of a pilot resilience scale in Spanish that measures 3 aspects of workplace resilience (1. Individual resilience, 2. Leadership resilience and 3. Team resilience) and examines its psychometric properties.

  • Literature Review
  • SCALE
  • SPANISH ADAPTATION
  • CD‐RISC
  • The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale
  • (2003)g
  • RS
  • The resilience Scale Wagnild and Young (1993)h

Table 1: Resilience Scales adapted to Spanish for workers.

SCALEFATOR / DIMENSIONSREFERENCE
RAW
(Resilience at work)		Living authentically
Maintaining perspective		(Winwood, et al. 2013) [17]
WRI
.(Workplace Resilience Inventory)		Personal characteristics,
Resources and Self-regulation
Team Resilience: Scale
Development and Validation		Group structure, social capital
and collective efficacy		(Sharma, et al. 2016) [16]
SCALEFATOR / DIMENSIONSREFERENCE
BRT-13
(Benchmark Resilience tool		Planning and Adaptive capacity(Whitman, et al. 2013) [19]
Assessing behaviors that create resilient
organizations		Strategic planning and organizational
learning		(Home, et al. 1997)[20]
Developing a tool to measure and compare
organizations’ resilience		Planning and Adaptivecapacity(Lee, et al. 2013) [21]
  • Literature Review
  • SCALE
  • SPANISH ADAPTATION
  • CD‐RISC
  • The Connor‐Davidson resilience scale
  • (2003)g
  • RS
  • The resilience Scale Wagnild and Young (1993)h

Table 1: Resilience Scales adapted to Spanish for workers.

Materials & Methods

Design: Cross-sectional study. Participants The participants were 53 Colombians workers in different industrial, commercial, educational and service organizations that accepted voluntary participation in the study. 37 Resilience scales were selected in the literature review. 3 Factors to study: Factor 1: Individual Resilience. Factor 2: Leadership Resilience and Factor 3: Team Resilience. Item construction: The research team built the Pilot Resilience Scale with 312 items and the questions were reviewed by experts in work psychology. 137 item included in Factor 1 and 111 item included in Factor 2 Spanish adaptation (CD-RISC) in situations of chronic stress.

(Crespo, et al. 2013) [22] Psychometric properties of (CD-RISC) in a Spanish sample of entrepreneurs. (Manzano-García, et al. 2013) [23] Psychometric properties (10-item CD-RISC) in a sample of workers. (Sánchez, et al. 2016) [24]

Validation and Spanish adaptation of the scale of resilience in the sports context (ERCD). (Trigueros, et al. 2017) [25]

and 64 item included in Factor 3. Format: Self-application scale. Data collect: Participants were asked to indicate their agreement with the items on a seven-point Likert response scale (1 = “strongly disagree” to 7 = “strongly agree”) through a survey accessed online. Examples of items included of the pilot scale to measure Individual Resilience (Spanish version and English translation):

  1. Me siento orgulloso con el trabajo que realizo. I am proud the work I do.
  2. Me siento capacitado para nuevos retos. I feel qualified for new challenges.
  3. Afronto las dificultades como desafíos y oportunidades para aprender.

I face difficulties as challenges and opportunities to learn. 4. Soy eficiente en mi trabajo. I am efficient in my work. 5. Puedo desarrollar mis competencias profesionales en el trabajo. I can develop my professional skills at work. 6. Me implico en la calidad de mi trabajo. I get involved in the quality of my work. 7. Me afectan personalmente los fallos en el trabajo. Personal failures affect me personally. 8. Después de una dificultad mantengo una perspectiva positiva. After a difficulty I maintain a positive outlook. 9. Evalúo mis reacciones después de una situación de tensión. I evaluate my reactions after a stressful situation. 10. Realizo ejercicio físico todas las semanas. I do physical exercise every week. Examples of items included of the pilot scale to measure Leader Resilience (Spanish version and English translation): 11. Mi jefe me anima a ser creativo e innovador en la resolución de problemas. My boss encourages me to be creative and innovative in solving problems. 12. Puedo expresar con libertad mi inconformidad sobre ciertas decisiones de mi jefe. I can freely express my disagreement about certain decisions of my boss. 13. 13. Mi jefe me cuida y entiende mis sentimientos. My boss takes care of me and understands my feelings. 14. 14. Mi jefe me apoya en las dificultades. My boss backs me in the difficulties 15. 15. Me proponen retos para desarrollar mi creatividad. My boss challenges me to develop my creativity. 16. 16. Se valora la calidad de mi trabajo. The quality of my work is valued. Examples of items included of the pilot scale to measure Team Resilience (Spanish version and English translation): 17. Se resuelven fácilmente los conflictos entre los miembros del equipo. Conflicts between team members are easily resolved. 18. Los compañeros del equipo son flexibles para superar las dificultades.

Teammates are flexible to overcome difficulties. 19. 19. Los compañeros se responsabilizan de los problemas hasta que se resuelven. The partners are responsible for the problems until they are resolved. 20. 20. Mis compañeros toman en cuenta mis necesidades en la toma de decisiones importantes. My colleagues take into account my needs in making important decisions. 21. 21. El trabajo de mi equipo es significativo. The work of my team is significant.

Statistical Analysis

The factorial structure of the scale was tested using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) where 312 resilience items were examined using the reduction dimension and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) forced extraction of 3 factors (Item analyzed by stepwise method (introducing factors) in a multiple linear regression model and item selection up to 99% of variability. Correlations among factors were studied. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS v.22.0.

Results

53 Workers from companies of Colombia were included in the study. 56.6% Women and 43.4% Men. Mean age of 42.25 years. Occupational risk (low level): 64.2%. Married: 52.8% and with a children = 35.8% (Figures 1-4).

Figure 1: Education.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Education.
Figure 2: Area of work.
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Area of work.
Figure 3: Work contract.
Click to enlarge
Figure 3: Work contract.
Figure 4: Work hours per week.
Click to enlarge
Figure 4: Work hours per week.

Then, the reliability (internal consistency) of the scales was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha: Total pilot resilience scale (0.94), individual resilience sub-scale (0.86), leadership resilience sub-scale (0.95) and team resilience sub-scale (0.84). Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) determines a structure of 5 factors that explain 46% of variance. Total: 75 items. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) forced to 3 factors and selecting the items up to 99% representativeness of the variability. Total: 41 items. The analysis indicate that 75 items of EFA explain 46% variance and 41 items of CFA explain 99% of variance, specifically, Factor 1: Individual Resilience subscale (137 items tested and 13 items provide 99% of the variability), Factor 2: Leadership Resilience subscale (111 items tested and 13 items provide 99% of the variability) and Factor 3: Team Resilience subscale (64 items tested and 13 items provide 99% of the variability) (Figure 5). The 3 factors have a direct and positive relationship, being the highest between leadership resilience and team resilience (35% shared variance) and the lowest between leadership resilience and individual resilience (22% shared variance) (Table 6). The items were reviewed by experts in work psychology, experts in neuropsychology and methodologists that recommended including in the final Pilot Resilience Scale items with the highest statistical weight of the EFA of 5 factors and all items of CFA (removing repeated items).

Figure 5: (EFA) Exploratory factor analysis. 5 factors explain 46% variance.
Click to enlarge
Figure 5: (EFA) Exploratory factor analysis. 5 factors explain 46% variance.
Correlations
Leadership
Individual ResilienceTeam Resilience
Resilience
Individual Resilience Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N		1
53		0.468**
.000
53		.535**
.000
53
Leadership Resilience Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N		.468**
.CCO
53		1
53		.587**
.000
53
Team Resilience Pearson Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N		.535**
.CCO
53		.587**
.000
53		1
53
** . Correlation is significant at the 0.01Ieve (2-tailed).

Table 4: Correlations show that the 3 factors have a direct and positive relationship.

Discussion

The objective of this study has been the development of a scale to assess the resilience of workers and the analysis of their psychometric properties. The aim was to build a scale that would allow measuring resilience in different jobs belonging to different labor sectors. For this reason, it was necessary that the instrument be easy to apply and focus specifically on the evaluation of the workers' resilience construct. The results of this research show that the present measure of resilience is organized into five factors or three factors according to the statistical analysis.Our hypothesis suggests the organization of the Resilience construct of workers in 3 factors resilience (1. Individual resilience, 2. Leadership resilience and 3. Team resilience). The final pilot resilience scale includes 62 items to be validated in a wide sample, to a minimum of 10 participants per item, of workers in Colombia. This study also presents limitations that should be indicated. We must emphasize that we are in the first phase of development of the instrument and, consequently, new studies confirming the structural validity must be carried out. The resilience valuations produced by this instrument must also be contrasted with external criteria and with other subjective scales that measure the same constructs or dimensions. Another limitation comes from the sample used, it is necessary that it be more extensive, varied and representative of more areas of works.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by funding of the POSITIVAINSURANCE COMPANY from Colombia. Human Staff from Colombia. Escuela Europea de Formación e Investigación en RRHH (EEFIRH) from Spain.

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@article{barcenilla2018,
  title   = {Development of the Pilot Resilience Scale (Employees, Leaders and Teams)},
  author  = {Barcenilla González MÁ, Del Rey-Mejías ÁL, Duran-Cutilla M, González-Peñas J, Huete MA and Merchán-Naranjo J},
  journal = {Mental Health & Human Resilience International Journal},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/mhrij-16000117}
}
Barcenilla González MÁ, Del Rey-Mejías ÁL, Duran-Cutilla M, González-Peñas J, Huete MA and Merchán-Naranjo J (2018). Development of the Pilot Resilience Scale (Employees, Leaders and Teams). Mental Health & Human Resilience International Journal, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/mhrij-16000117
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TI  - Development of the Pilot Resilience Scale (Employees, Leaders and Teams)
AU  - Barcenilla González MÁ, Del Rey-Mejías ÁL, Duran-Cutilla M, González-Peñas J, Huete MA and Merchán-Naranjo J
JO  - Mental Health & Human Resilience International Journal
PY  - 2018
VL  - 2
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/mhrij-16000117
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