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Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research Research Article 22 min read

The Function of Molybdenum and Boron on the Plants

Naqib SA and Jahan MS*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2474-8846  10.23880/oajar-16000136  Received: January 04 2017  Published: April 17, 2017
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Keywords
Micronutrients Rice plant Plant physiology Yield growth
Abstract

Plants favour to micronutrients to maintain physiological balance in plants to maintain growth and development of the plants. Molybdenum (Mo) and Boron (B) are essential micronutrients of the plants have a crucial role in growth and yield of the plants. Modern intensive agriculture gradually gains higher interest and importance of micronutrients to the researchers due to the diverse functional activities on plants. Documentation on the function of Molybdenum (Mo) and Boron (B) on the growth and production of the crops were not accounted considerably. This mini-review point several improvements made in the communication of Mo and B with other nutrients in growth and development of the rice plants.

Introduction

Rice is staple food in Malaysia but also other parts of the world for all races and indigenous peoples. Different varieties of rice in the market including local white rice, brown rice, imported white rice, fragrant rice, Basmati rice, glutinous rice, parboiled rice and broken rice. Rice is planted as wet paddy in Peninsular Malaysia (503,184 ha) and at Sabah and Sarawak about 165,888 ha [1]. Although Malaysia is a primary consumer of rice but current production is not enough to meet the requirement to fulfil the demand of the country. Thus, with enormous complexity in the rice industry, it makes policy and planning for future prospect to increase rice production. In 2012, FAO had recorded 2.7 million tons of rice that fulfilled 70% of the demand in Malaysia [2]. However, climate changes affect the efficiency of the mineral transportation into the rice plant that uncertain the sustainable production of rice. To date, proper documentation on the effectiveness of Mo and B on rice production was not presented. Therefore, this mini- review was taken to file out the current information on Mo and Zn in regards to crop production. Rice is the most growing plants in Malaysia and also another part of the world. It is a seasonal crop that has physical appearances like hollow, round, sessile leaf blades with collars and terminal panicles. Most of the rice consumed in Asia and West Indies that is region consists of Caribbean Sea. In rice plant development, we divided them into three stages which are germination to panicle (vegetative), panicle initiation to heading (reproductive) and grain filling and ripening or maturation (maturation) [3]. This plant is suitable to grow in high rainfall countries with low labor cost because it needs very laborious to care. It has many predators such as birds, mouse and also prone to diseases [4]. Rice is usually produced under flooding water condition. Land use policy and water management in Africa studied justifiably [5]. But there are several practices were taken to sustain rice production that is low water supply rice production [6, 7, 8] and increases the phytoavailability of nutrients under low water condition [9, 10], glutathione-induce physiological functions and production [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16]. Therefore, the full understanding of the function of Mo and B in sustainable rice production and maintain growth and development of the rice plants to be justified properly.But to date, the effects of Mo and B on rice plants in gene profiling and antioxidant activities were not properly documented. Therefore, proper documentation of Mo and B on rice plants to be documented under different stress conditions which to be introduced by the climate change condition.

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is the one of essential micronutrients and availability of the Mo in soil depends on the several factors such as absorbing oxides concentration, soil pH, existing of organic compounds that present in the soil compositions [17]. Molybdenum presents in varies complexes like molybdenite (MoS2), wulfenite (PbMoO4) and ferrimolybdenite [Fe2 (MoO4)]. This solid mineral increases Mo in soil through weathering process that is related to the oxidation and reduction processes in soil. However, then, molybdenum is much more soluble in the alkaline soils and easy to access by plants in the form of MoO4- [18]. In an acidic soil, availability of the molybdenum decreases as the adsorption of anion to soil oxides increase [19]. Molybdenum is needed by the plant in a small amount ranged from 12 to 32 g ha-1 for physiological function [20] but the effect of Moon plants is as like as other essential nutrients. The critical deficiency and toxicity levels vary from 0.1 to 1 mg kg-1 depend on the plant species and the plant parts that being analyzed [21].

The Functions of Molybdenum on Morphological and Physiological Parameters of Plant

Molybdenum application increased the fresh weight of Chinese cabbage but the excess application of molybdenum (1.5 mg l-1 Mo) decreased the fresh weight [22]. Molybdenum fertilizer had an influence on growth, yield and qualities in winter wheat and Brassica napus [23]. Deficiency of molybdenum on a plant can diverge into developing of mottling lesions on the leaves and altered leaf morphology where lamellae became involuted or ‘whiptail’ [24]. Deep investigation of the ultrastructure of whiptail shows that chloroplasts near lesions became bulbous and enlarged with spherical protrusions bounded by chloroplast and tonoplast membrane [25]. On the Naqib SA and Jahan MS. The Function of Molybdenum and Boron on the Plants. J Agri Res 2017, 2(3): 000136.

other hand, the plant is in the toxicity level of molybdenum, leaf tends to have purple colour through an accumulation of anthocyanins but in legume shows yellow colour [26]. In a young plant, deficiency of Mo can effect on the mottling, leaf cupping, gray tinting and flaccid leaves that often found on seedlings that remained dwarfed until dying [27]. In wheat and oat plants, necrotic regions are observed on the leaf blade and seeds are poorly developed and shriveled in a plant in which deficient in molybdenum [28]. In maize, molybdenum deficiency shortens internodes, decreases leaf areas and causes the development of chlorotic leaves [29]. It can affect the reproductive part of the plant like emergence of tassels, small anther, poorly developed stamens, and pollen grain [30]. Pollen is released from the anthers shown to be shrivelled and have poor germination rates [29]. Molybdenum catalytically inactive in biological systems until bind to the co-factor. Molybdenum involves in several physiological processes in plants that are important for the plants to survive and reproduce. Mo functions on nitrogenase activity in root nodules and nitrite reductase in the vegetative tissue [31]. Mo presents together with nitrate enhanced enzyme activity which is a slow process and needs to have mRNA- dependent synthesis of apoprotein, but enzyme activity will be faster if molybdenum is present [32]. Leguminous plants are very sensitive to molybdenum deficiency but excess can lead to decreasing of biomass, seed yield and deteriorates the quality of production [33]. Deficient of Mo decreases a total number of proteins in a plant [34]. Molybdenum plays a major role in the aldehyde oxidase for plant development and adaptation to environmental stresses. Total ascorbate concentrations in the Chinese cabbage increased with molybdenum application rates [22]. Molybdenum application promotes growth and yields of vegetables and also improves qualities such as ascorbic acid, soluble sugar and chlorophyll concentrations and induces the decrease of nitrate concentration [23]. Plants that are deficient from this molybdenum may exhibit poor growth and low contents of chlorophylls and ascorbic acid [21]. Molybdoenzymes are involved in phytohormone synthesis ABA and indole-3-acetic acid [35]. Furthermore, Mo involves in the oxidation of sulphite to sulphate through mediated with molybdoenzyme [31]. Sometimes Mo involves as a cofactor in the nitrogen fixation but absent of Mo causes stunted growth of the plants through affecting the photosynthetic activities [36]. Rice plants Copyright© Naqib SA and Jahan MS.

grown in the molybdenum deficiency soil, showed phenotypes develop error that hinder the plant growth. For examples, enzymes such as nitrate reductase and nitrogen-fixing enzymes nitrogenase that are abundantly present in legumes, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase that functions in catabolism of purine and ureide biosynthesis, aldehyde oxidase that present in ABA biosynthesis and sulphite oxidase that can convert sulphite to sulphate a vital step in catabolism of sulphur containing amino acid that important to plant metabolism [37]. Plants that exhibit with molybdenum deficiency tend to have poor growth and low contents of chlorophylls and ascorbic acid [21].

The Functions of Molybdenum on Other Nutrients Availability

Mo affects phytoavailability of other nutrients to plants or in soil. Mo has not position or negation relationship with zinc and copper availability but affect iron nutrient. Mo leads to Fe-chlorosis and yield diminution without correlation and manganese efficiency with correlation. Mo has significant effect on percentage of shoot nitrogen and potassium in rice. For phosphorus, with the increasing rates of molybdenum, the percentage of shoot phosphorus increases as well [38]. These results confirm that Mo might affect positively with some nutrients to be available to the plants. Chatterjee C, et al. (1985) [39] reported that molybdenum deterring phosphatase activity to decrease the total amount of phosphorus in mustard. However, higher level of Mo increases the effectiveness of phosphorus in plants [40]. Therefore, Mo application certainly reduced the requirement of phosphate for maximum growth of the plants. The activity of Mo varies upon varieties of rice plant. Mulder EG (1954) [41] reported that higher amount of manganese sulphate in soil enhanced Mo deficiency. This result indicates the negative interaction between manganese and Mo in soil.

Boron

Boron is a non-metal micronutrient that is required for normal growth and development of the plant. It is an immobile micronutrient functions on cell wall strength and development, fruit and seed development, transport of sugar, development of hormone, membrane function, ribonucleic acid (RNA) metabolism, cell division, respiration and indole-acetic acid (IAA) metabolism [42]. Moreover, it is essential for other plant physiological functions such as carbohydrate and protein metabolism, indole acetic acid metabolism, cell wall synthesis, and Naqib SA and Jahan MS. The Function of Molybdenum and Boron on the Plants. J Agri Res 2017, 2(3): 000136.

phenol metabolism [42]. Boron presents as a metal at wide ranges of pH of soil [43]. The concentration present is around 20 to 200 mg B kg-1 and available concentration varies differently depending on the soil types [44]. Usually, B is applied in semiarid tropical regions, calcareous and sandy soils [35]. In soil, boron is absorbed by roots in the form of un dissociated boric acid [B (OH)3 or H3BO3] that has the capability to form complexes like diols and polyols inside the plant physiological processes [45]. Soil texture, pH, temperatures and soil moisture affect the availability of boron in soil [46]. Boron is the only micronutrient that is absorbed not as an ion but is taken up as an uncharged molecule [21]. Boron absorption by plant roots is closely related to pH and concentration of boron in that soil and it is a non-metabolic process [47]. Mass flow is the primary mechanism of boron to enter into plant roots and distribution inside the plant by applying transpiration stream through the xylem [48]. Most of the boron deficiency occurs on coarse-textured soils with the low status of organic matter [49].

Functions of Boron on Physiological and Morphological Parameters of Crops

Boron affects reproductive growth of plants such as poor anther and pollen development, lower grain setting as well as stunted growth [50, 51]. Boron increases tube growth in wheat plants [50]. Deficiency of boron impairs plant roots, meristimatic region [52]. To expand cell, plant cell walls need to be loosening thus give them some space to grow, and this was related to ascorbate and dehydroascorbate presence [53]. Moreover, ascorbate free radical (AFR)-mediated increase in elongation and meristematic regions in onion roots [54]. Boron is vital in the germination of pollen and growth of a pollen tube [55]. Boron increased protein concentration in a bean that actively works in the growing regions, which could be reduced by the lower rate of protein synthesis by boron deficiency [56]. Moreover, deficiency of boron increased the concentration of reducing sugar and non-reducing sugar but decreased the phosphorylase activity. On the other hand, in the sunflower seeds accumulated decreasing amount of non-reducing sugar and starch concentration [57]. Boron affects lipid biosynthesis, lipid oxidation and proton pumping [58]. Sunflower seedlings were treated with 10 µM boron and observed that lipid has decreased in neutral acid and increase in linolenic acid concentration compared to control group. Since lipid also Copyright© Naqib SA and Jahan MS.

a compartment of lipid in the membrane, thus the presence of boron can have consequences on the bridging of lipids via hydroxyl groups and affect their functions and structure. Other study showed that effect of boron on the membrane function related to the proton pumping or changes in redox system in plasmalemma. An activity of plasmalemma NADH oxidase was linked by boron stimulation [59]. NADH oxidase functional as ascorbate free radical (AFR) reductase in a plant [60]. Thus, boron involved in the ascorbate metabolism and NADH biological role. Since NADH also participating in the NADH activity so it was also involved in the cell wall extension and transport in the membrane factor. Boron functions in protoplast membrane fraction to the whole protoplast [61] which shows that boron has an impact towards the membrane compartments. Boron might serve as important roles as cell wall structure building up and accomplish in the biosynthesis of the lignin and cell-wall cross-linking [62]. Plants that were grown in the boron nutrient tend to be more easily than a plant that was not grown in boron nutrient; more brittle [62]. The primary that comes from boron is disruption of the normal functioning of the apical meristems with changes in membrane structure, cell wall synthesis, metabolism of auxin, carbohydrate, ascorbate and RNA and lignification, phenol accumulation and sucrose transport being secondary effects [61].

Boron Functions on Other Nutrient’s Availability

Boron has many physiological and biochemical processes that can affect to other nutrients thus it is very complex to make the conclusion about that. Boron plays a vital role in the nutrient transport by plant membranes [63]. Boron influences plant nutrients [64, 65]. Excessive intake of boron affects metabolic processes and reduces other nutrients availability to the plants [66], an antagonistic effect on the uptake of nutrients in the wheat plant [67], a synergistic effect on the absorption of nutrients by tomato plants [65]. N-Rase activity markedly increased in rape plants in the presence of boron. In contrast, Pollard et al. (1977) [68] reported that boron deficiency reduced ATPase activity that affects the absorption of phosphate in corn and broad beans. Chatterjee et al. (2001) [69] stated similar relationship between boron and phosphorus in plants. Calcium and boron regulate auxin transport process in cell wall metabolism [70], the activity of starch, phosphorylase, ribonuclease and polyphenol oxidase increased [39].

Naqib SA and Jahan MS. The Function of Molybdenum and Boron on the Plants. J Agri Res 2017, 2(3): 000136.

An absence of B, the nutrients such as N, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu and Mn in tobacco leaves increased, and P, Fe and Al decreased as compared to plants fed with a B [71]. P, K and Mg were higher and Ca was lower in severely B deficient alfalfa plant than healthy ones, perhaps due to the dilution effect which occurred in healthy plants [72]. Cu and K contents showed a highly significant positive correlation, while Ca and Mg contents showed a negative correlation with B contents of 98 kinds of grass at the flowering stage [73]. Touchton and Boswell, (1975) [74] observed that P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo and Al concentrations varied slightly with location, but were not affected by the method or rate of B application. In addition, increasing B supply in soil resulted in the decrease of leaf N and P in tomato, suggesting B antagonism [75]. Yadav and Machanda (1979) [76] noted that with an increase in the B content of soil, tissue Ca and Mg concentration in wheat and gram crops significantly decreased, whereas N, P and K contents were significantly increased. Downton and Hawker (1980) [77] reported that added B in nutrient solution, the concentration of N, P, Ca, Mg and B were decreased, K increased, while Na remained unaffected in lamina, stem and roots of cabernet sauvignon vine plants. Gomez-Rodriguez, et al. (1981) [78] found a significant inverse correlation between B and Mn concentration in the leaves of sunflower, while Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations remained unchanged by B levels in nutrient solution. Likewise, Dave and Kannan (1981) [56] observed that a reduction of Fe and Mn adsorption but an increase in Zn uptake was found in a B deficient medium. The transport of Fe, Mn and Zn was increased in the trifoliate leaves, while that in shoots was reduced. The detrimental effect of B on the uptake of Ca and Mg was reported by Singh V, Singh SP (1983) [79], they found B levels significantly induced N, P, K, Na and B but reduced Ca and Mg concentration in lentil plants. Moreover, Singh V, Singh SP (1984) [80] reported that B increase N, P, K, Na and B contents, but decreased Ca and Mg contents in barley crop. Francois (1984) [81] reported that increasing soil solution with B concentration, P, K and Mg tended to increase in tomato leaf, while Ca and Na showed an inconsistent trend. The above discussion confirmed that it is still needed to find more information on the functional effects of Mo and B field crops to sustain the production. The discussion gives idea to the scientist on the points to be highlighted in their further research.

Copyright© Naqib SA and Jahan MS.

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@article{naqib2017,
  title   = {The Function of Molybdenum and Boron on the Plants},
  author  = {Naqib SA and Jahan MS},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research},
  year    = {2017},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajar-16000136}
}
Naqib SA and Jahan MS (2017). The Function of Molybdenum and Boron on the Plants. Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000136
TY  - JOUR
TI  - The Function of Molybdenum and Boron on the Plants
AU  - Naqib SA and Jahan MS
JO  - Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research
PY  - 2017
VL  - 2
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.23880/oajar-16000136
ER  -