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Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research Research Article 9 min read

Bioremidiation Potential of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacquin; Fries) P. Kummer: A Case of Agro-Wastes in Umudike Abia State

Amadioha AC* and Nosike EN*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2474-8846  10.23880/oajar-16000278  Received: November 11, 2021  Published: December 31, 2021
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Keywords
Pleurotus ostreatus Agro-waste Polysaccharide Biodegradation Bioremediation
Abstract

Biodegradation of agricultural wastes that constitute major source of environmental hazards and pollution by Pleurotus ostreatus is of importance in bioremediation of plant organic residues. Different agro-wastes; saw dust (SD), sugarcane baggasse (SB) and maize stalk (MS) and in combination (SD+MS, SD+SB, SB+MS, SD+MS+SB), were used to investigate the polysaccharide degrading potentials of P. ostreatus at the Department of Plant Health Management, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State. The fungus significantly (P

Introduction

Species of Pleurotus are gilled oyster mushrooms that produce microscopic spores that help them spread across the ground or its substrates [1]. They are most widely cultivated for their nutritional, medicinal and other beneficial values [2]. They require carbon, nitrogen and inorganic compounds with less nitrogen and more carbon as nutritional sources suggesting that materials containing cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin such as rice and wheat straw, cotton seed hulls, sawdust, waste paper, leaves, and sugarcane residues can be used as their substrates [3, 4, 5].

Agro-residues contain three major structural polymers, cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin, which can be easily utilized or broken down by fungi producing lignocellulotic enzymes. Pleurotus species are the most efficient lignin- degrading organisms with the ability to produce enzymes such as lactases (EC 1.10.3.2), lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11. 10.14) and manganese peroxidase (EC1.11.1.13) [6]. They selectively attack lignin and related compounds by producing one or more of phenol-targeting redox enzymes, namely the peroxidases and laccases/phenol-oxidases [7]. These enzymes are non-specific biocatalyst used for bioremediation process due to their ability to degrade heterocyclic, reactive and polymeric dyes [8, 9]. Therefore, the huge amounts of lingo-cellulosic biomass of agro-wastes can be potentially bio converted into different high value raw materials and products such as bio-ethanol, enriched animal feed, cheap energy sources for microbial cultivation (mushrooms included) and enzyme production [7, 10, 11, 12]. The problem of air pollution and hazards due to agro-wastes may be avoided by using P. ostreatus to bioprocess the lignocellulosic waste materials, which may later be used as highly proteinaceous feed for livestock [13].

Materials and Methods

Spawn Source

Culture of P. ostreatus was obtained from the Federal Institute of Industrial Research, Oshodi, (FIIRO) Lagos, Nigeria and multiplied according to [14] on sorghum grains. Sorghum grains were soaked for 24 hours and washed in a running tap water and then spread over a tilted platform to drain excess water. The washed grains (1kg) were placed in 10 medium sized bottles and autoclaved at 121°C and 15 psi for 30 minutes and left overnight to cool. The bottles were inoculated with cultures of P. ostreatus, covered and then shaken for even distribution of the culture on the grain. The inoculated bottles were placed in incubator set at a temperature of 25 ± 2°C and observed daily for mycelia growth (white net web) on the grains. The inoculated bottles were removed after 14 days of incubation and stored at 4°C until used.

Substrate preparation

The agro-wastes; saw dust (SD), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and maize stalk (MS) were obtained from Michael Okpara University of Agriculture Umudike and the university community. The method of Adedokun, et al. [15] was adopted in the preparation of substrates. The sugarcane bagasse and maize stalk substrates were chopped into 5 cm pieces with a knife. The substrates individually and in combination were each sterilized separately by packing them into sack bags and tightly covered and then placed in a drum containing stacks of sticks (30cm). Water was poured into the drum up to the level of the sticks and covered with fresh plantain leaves in order to generate enough heat. The water in the drum containing the substrates was subjected to heating up to 100oC and allowed to steam for 2 hours using industrial gas cooker. The drum and contents were left overnight to cool. The sterilized substrates (1kg) were each poured separately into white sterile transparent buckets perforated with a sterile 5mm diameter cork borer.

Inoculation of substrate

The sterilized substrates in the perforated buckets were each separately inoculated with 5 g of P. ostreatus spawn and then covered. The inoculated buckets were watered every two days to maintain high relative humidity. Each treatment was replicated four times and observations made daily for fungal growth.

Treatment

Three major substrates (saw dust, maize stalk and sugar cane bagasse) were used individually and in combinations for the growth of P. ostreatus and they include; i. Saw dust (100%) – SD. ii. ii. Maize stalk (100%) – MS. iii. Sugarcane bagasse (100%) – SB. iv. Saw dust (50%) + Maize stalk (50%) - (SD+MS). v. Saw dust (50%) + Sugarcane bagasse (50%) - (SD+SB). vi. Sugarcane bagasse (50%) + Maize stalk (50%) - (SB+MS). vii. Saw dust (33.33%) + Maize stalk (33.33%) + Sugarcane bagasse (33.33%) - (SD+MS+SB). Data obtained were statically analyzed using ANOVA and the means separated with LSD at 5% level of probability.

Results

The delignification process of polysaccharide contents of the substrates by P. ostreatus showed that the fungus significantly (P<0.05) degraded the hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin contents of the substrates though to varying degrees (Table 1). The loss of polysaccharide content of the test substrates due to the fungus ranged as follows; hemicelluloses, from 20.64% with MS substrate to 48.92% with SB substrate; cellulose from 24.06% with SD substrate to 41.92% with SB substrate and lignin content from 4.01 % with MS substrate to 27.45% with SD substrate. General average degradation of substrate polysaccharides and loss due to the fungus was highest with SB substrate (37.86%) followed by SD+SB substrate (31.76%) and SD substrate (27.56%) suggesting that the decomposition of substrate polysaccharides was highest in SB substrate and the delignified polysaccharides of the test substrates were made readily available for use by fruit bodies of P. ostreatus during growth and establishment.

  • Polysaccharide Content of substrate (mg/100g) and loss (%)
  • Hemicelluloses
  • Cellulose
  • Lignin
  • Mean
  • Substrate
  • A
  • B
  • % Loss
  • A
  • B
  • % Loss
  • A
  • B
  • % Loss
  • A
  • B
  • % Loss
  • SD
  • 17.37
  • 26.3
  • 33.95
  • 35.54
  • 46.8
  • 24.06
  • 25.71
  • 35.44
  • 27.45
  • 26.21
  • 36.18
  • 27.56
  • SB
  • 15.07
  • 29.51
  • 48.93
  • 26.57
  • 45.75
  • 41.92
  • 23.17
  • 26.41
  • 12.27
  • 21.06
  • 33.89
  • 37.86
  • MS
  • 20.49
  • 25.82
  • 20.64
  • 36.75
  • 49.46
  • 25.7
  • 30.38
  • 31.65
  • 4.01
  • 29.21
  • 35.64
  • 18,01
  • SD+SB
  • 16.22
  • 27.91
  • 41.88
  • 31.06
  • 46.28
  • 32.89
  • 24.44
  • 30.93
  • 20.98
  • 23.91
  • 35.04
  • 31.76
  • SD+MS
  • 18.93
  • 26.06
  • 27.36
  • 36.15
  • 48.13
  • 24.89
  • 28.05
  • 33.55
  • 16.39
  • 27.71
  • 35.91
  • 22.83
  • SB+MS
  • 17.78
  • 27.67
  • 35.74
  • 31.66
  • 47.61
  • 33.5
  • 26.78
  • 29.03
  • 7.75
  • 25.41
  • 34.77
  • 26.92
  • SD+SB+MS
  • 17.64
  • 27.21
  • 35.17
  • 32.95
  • 47.34
  • 30.4
  • 26.42
  • 31.17
  • 15.24
  • 25.67
  • 35.24
  • 27.16
  • LSD (0.05)
  • 2.6
  • 1.81
  • 5.32
  • 2.35
  • 1.04
  • 4.71
  • 3.1
  • 2.65
  • 4
  • 2.16
  • 1.87
  • 4.23

Table 1: Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus on polysaccharide composition of substrates.

Discussion

Polysaccharide composition of the substrates was degraded by extracellular enzymes of P. ostreatus [16] which caused a decrease or loss in the values of hemicelluloses, cellulose and lignin contents. The degraded substrate polysaccharides provided energy for the oyster mushroom that possesses bioactive compounds with hypocholesterolaemic activities [17]. According to Isikhuemhen and Nerude [18] fungi produce extracellular lignin modifying enzymes, in which the best characterized enzymes were laccase, lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidases. Akinfemi, et al. [19] reported that hemicelluloses and cellulose present in the substrates [20] are reduced when Pleurotus ostreatus was used during biodegradation of agricultural waste and the emergence of mushrooms from substrates. The delignification process of degrading the agro-wastes/substrates by P. ostreatus appears to increase the digestibility of the spent/used substrates for feeding animals as some species of Pleurotus have been reported to possess the ability to upgrade cattle feed by colonizing different types of crop/vegetable wastes thereby increasing their digestibility [21, 22]. Also, Pleurotus spp. have been used in the degradation of organic pollutants and bioconversion of agro-wastes due to the presence of non-specific oxygenases, as well as being explored in bioremediation efforts including biodegradation of xenobiotic compounds [21], purification of air, water and soil, clean-up of contaminated soils and in the treatment of industrial effluents [23]. Studies have shown that P. ostreatus is able to degrade a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [24] and several scientists have proved its importance in biodegradation [25, 26] on various types of agro-wastes such as spent beer grain [27], elephant grass, sugarcane baggase wastes and coffee husk [28, 29] which have been evaluated as alternative substrates for mushroom cultivation [30]. The fact that the mushroom grew on materials that would otherwise be considered as waste makes it a valuable venture in self-sustaining and empowerment of communities in future [31]. Degradation and solubilisation of plant organic wastes using an edible fungus like P. ostreatus is therefore a recycling technology that could be explored and adopted by farmers in developing countries [32]. In Nigeria, large volumes of unused lignocellulosic by-products are readily available and growing of P. ostreatus using these agricultural wastes could provide more food and reduce the hazards and pollution problems associated with crop residues.

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@article{amadioha2021,
  title   = {Bioremidiation Potential of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacquin; Fries) P. Kummer: A Case of Agro-Wastes in Umudike Abia State},
  author  = {Amadioha AC* and Nosike EN},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research},
  year    = {2021},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {4},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajar-16000278}
}
Amadioha AC* and Nosike EN (2021). Bioremidiation Potential of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacquin; Fries) P. Kummer: A Case of Agro-Wastes in Umudike Abia State. Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research, 6(4). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000278
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Bioremidiation Potential of Pleurotus Ostreatus (Jacquin; Fries) P. Kummer: A Case of Agro-Wastes in Umudike Abia State
AU  - Amadioha AC* and Nosike EN
JO  - Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research
PY  - 2021
VL  - 6
IS  - 4
DO  - 10.23880/oajar-16000278
ER  -