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Public Health Open Access Research Article 22 min read

Assessment on Incompatibility of Health Problems between Obese and Non-Obese Girls Students of High School at Dhaka City in Bangladesh

Sharmin SM, Yasmin N, Khairujjaman M, Seoty NR, Islam MR and Islam MN*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-5001  10.23880/phoa-16000188  Received: August 10, 2021  Published: September 09, 2021
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Keywords
Obesity Food Habit Socioeconomic Status High School Girls Bangladesh
Abstract

This study analyzes whether there is any socio-economic, parental educational qualification and societal impact among obesity and non-obesity girl students. An epidemiological questionnaire survey has been conducted to find out the incompatibility of health problem girls obesity and non-obese in selected two girls high school in Dhaka city. The results revealed that there is a significance relationship between the obesity and socioeconomic status of the girl students’ parents. The result shows that the surveyed girl students mean height was 61.55 (±2.92) inches. Among all body region head pain was highest (47.06%) but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Neck pain was highest (23.5%) those BMI was ≤25. But it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Shoulder, Upper back and lower back pain were increases with their BMI subsequently. But it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Hips pain was severe those BMI was ≤25 but it was increases with BMI and it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Knee pain was also increases subsequently with their BMI but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Ankle and feet Pain was rise according to their BMI and those region was statistically significant (p<0.05). Here, 7.4% of students had blood pressure like medical condition. On the other hand, about 23.5% of students had breathing difficulty and another 28.2% of students suffering from others medical condition. Mean age was 11.88 (±0.940) years when menstruation starts. Almost all respondent’s (67.1%) menstruation starts between 11 to 12 years of age. Another 24.7% and 8.2% of respondent’s menstruation starts 10 or below 10 years of age and 13 or above. Also some different problems was found among obese students so awareness can be raised regarding food habit and healthy life style to reduce this problems.

Introduction

Obesity in high school life is one of the major public health problems in the recent time globally. During 2005, the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in high-income countries was 10.6% whereas in low-income countries, the prevalence was 5.2% [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]. Due to a large population, Bangladesh faces a huge non-communicable health related problems as diseases-diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, communicable diseases as tuberculosis, HIV, tetanus, malaria, measles, rubella and leprosy etc [7, 8, 9]. On the other hand, more than one in two adults and nearly one in six children are overweight or obese in OECD countries [10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. The scientific evidences shows that the adult obesity rates are highest in the United States, Mexico, New Zealand and Hungary, while they are lowest in  Japan and South Korea. But currently, Bangladesh is now experiencing the double burden of malnutrition, with the existence of both under nutrition and over nutrition, in urban cities [7, 10, 11, 12, 15]. Also, childhood overweight and obesity is a particular public health concern for Bangladesh because children who are overweight or obese have higher risk of becoming overweight or obese adults and overweight adults are at increased risk [7, 11, 12, 16, 17, 18]. Obesity in children and adolescents is a major concern, not only because of health and social problems in the short-term, but also because there is a high health risk it may continue into adulthood and affect long-term health problems [8, 9, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24]. Especially, girls’ high school-based nourishment instruction for high school girls and adolescents is a very important issue today, as girl growth, brain development and academic activities all depend largely on the quality and quantity of food consumed [9, 23, 25].

According to the WHO, country profile of Bangladesh in 2016, the physical inactivity was prevailing among 25.1% of population [1, 13, 14, 15, 16, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33]. The recent trend of obesity among Bangladeshi young generation is very high. Due to the influence of western lifestyle, the internet, children are more likely to consume fast food and other junk foods. The impact of obesity is alarming early onset of NCDs and in some cases fatal incidents are occurring. NCD deaths are projected to increase by 15% globally between 2010 and 2020 [2, 3, 4, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38]. Although there are some studies of high school girl students in Bangladesh, most of them have been discussed about their food habit and about family unconsciousness in the obesity problems in their children. But in fact, in developing countries, obesity is directly linked to health related problems, socioeconomic status of the family, their attitude to the school going children, lack of awareness and strict monitoring of food processing and food habit [7, 12, 17, 18, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43] Several studies results revealed that the girls students of body fat mass are very undue than many adults people in the country. Abdominal obesity among high school girls are shown to be an emerging issue [8,9,44,45,].

The scientific epidemiological investigation shows that about one-third of obese pre-school children and about one-half of obese school age children become obese adult Lifestyle [13, 25, 26, 45, 46, 47, 48]. Especially, the socio-economic development have increased the obesity problems among the high school children especially girls in developing countries like Bangladesh, India and Pakistan etc [2, 3, 4, 5, 35, 36, 49, 50, 51]. However, it has recently been projected that the occurrence of obesity in teenage girl is increasing, most of these studies either high school or college representative samples from large cities which are contained with fast food without food values and quality [6, 33, 37, 39, 52, 53, 54, 55]. Most of the literature on obesity relevant research indicated that the behavior of high school girls, their parent’s socioeconomic standing, culture, and other influencing factors have also contributed to overweight and obesity of the high school girls [19, 20, 21, 22, 26]. In addition, several hormones imbalance in the brain, the gastrointestinal tract, and in fat cells themselves influence the girl metabolism, eating habits, and, eventually they gain weight [34, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 50, 51, 52, 56, 57, 58]. The medical science literature apparently noted that the most likely influencing factors to obesity are genetic, psychological, environmental, social and cultural effects [8, 9, 23, 24, 29, 35, 36, 37, 46, 47, 48, 59, 60]. Several studies suggest that now it is the high time for identifying the risk factors associated with overweight and obesity in high school girls would help to develop fitting mediations to decrease the future liability of obesity health related problems in Bangladesh.

Aims and Objectives of this Study

This study has been conducted with semi-structural questionnaire survey and observational strategically ways which is focused on the occurrence of health problem of obesity in high school girls of Dhaka city in Bangladesh. This epidemiological survey was conducted to find out the prevalence of health problem childhood obesity and non- obese girls in selected high school in Dhaka city. The main purpose of the study was to identity the health problems and analyze among obese and non-obese girl of selected high schools in Dhaka City.

The More Specific Objective

  • To determine socio-demographic characteristics of obese and non-obese girl students of selected high schools in Dhaka City.
  • To identity the health problems among obese and non- obese girl students of selected high schools in Dhaka City.
  • To compare the health problems among the obese and non- obese girl students of selected high schools in Dhaka City.

Study Design and Methodology

Body mass index (BMI) is the preferred method of expressing body fat percentile in groups [7, 13, 17, 18, 46, 61]. To this date, three major reference charts are being utilized. These are the prominent Centre for Diseases Control (CDC) growth charts (CDC Growth Charts; 2000) [8, 10, 11, 12, 28, 38, 46, 47, 48]. An epidemiological questionnaire survey has been conducted to find out the incompatibility of health problem girls obesity and non-obese in selected two girls high school in Dhaka city. Data were analyzed with SPSS computer based software. For all statistical test used in this study, statistically significant level set as p≤.05. The study place was Harin Dhara Girl’s High school (case-A just symbolic name due to ethical issues of the research) and Bou Rani Girl’s high School (case-B just symbolic name due to ethical issues of the research). The target population of this research was only girl students in class eight, nine and ten respectively.

Sampling Techniques

For conducting the questionnaire, it is applied the simple random sampling technique for selecting the respondents. The frame has been documented of girl students name and their class roll no. If any student were missing in their class during data collection, the survey conductor asked other students when that respondent was available at class in the alternative days. According to their information those respondents data was collected by systematically.

Sample Size and Calculation

To estimate proportion for cross-sectional study, the formula is Here, n=desired sample z = z-distribution at a given level of significance / confidence level (1.96) p=0.33= 33% (expected proportion of event or occurrence of the event) q = 100-p =100-33=67 d = allowable error (0.05 level of significance)

2

2 339.75 340 z pq n d = = =

After statically calculation the desired sample size was 340 for the designed research.

Data Collection Instrument

A questionnaire were designed for this research which consisted of six parts with eighteen questions valid questions from the respondents as follows i.e. respondent’s age structure, family composition, parents education, family’s monthly income, family monthly expenditure, eating habit etc. Health problem questionnaire includes of any discomfort at different body regions and other discomfort related medical condition like breathing difficulties, hypertension due to obesity. Two types of questionnaire surveys have conducted in the study site. One was reproductive problem oriented questionnaire survey which results indicated that obese girls student main problems during menstrual period such as painful menstruation, irregular menstruation, bleeding or heavy flow etc. are severe than the non-obese girls student’s. Similarly, another questionnaire survey has been conducted on the skin problem includes acanthosis nigricans, skin tag, hirsutism, acne valgaris are common of the obese girls students.

Ethical consideration

Approval from Ethical review committee of State University of Bangladesh was taken before conducting study. Permission form selected school authorities was taken (Though in this study was used the symbolic name of the school straighten the ethical issues of the research). Verbal and written consent form the respondents were taken prior to the interview. Informed consent form was translated into Bengali. Respondents had the right to refuse and withdraw her-self form study during data collecting period. Confidentiality and privacy of the respondents were maintained.

Operational Definition

It is noted that the term “obese” means children and adolescents who have a body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for their gender and age, while “overweight” describes those with a BMI at or above the 85th but below the 95th percentile. Non-obese means normal weight according to age, sex, height and weight [29, 30, 14, 31, 32, 52]. BMI is a weight-to-height ratio, and is considered to be a reasonable reflection of body fat for most people. BMI is calculated by dividing body weight in kilograms by the square of height in meters (kg/m2) [2, 34, 36, 50, 40, 41, 42, 43, 49, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60]. Table 1 BMI index by dividing body weight in kilogram (kg) by the square of height in meters (kg/m2).

S.L.BMIClassification
1​18.5 to 24.9​Normal weight
2​25 to 29.9​Overweight
3​30 +​Obesity
4​40 +​Extreme obesity
5At or above the 85th percentile​Overweight
6At or above the 95th percentile​Obese

Table 1: BMI index by dividing body weight in kilogram (kg) by the square of height in meters (kg/m2).

Results and Discussion

Participation of this study who were selected purposively and each participant was provided with a consent form. For the analysis of this study, collecting different types of data have been analyzed and presented through different statistical methods. After completion of data analysis, the result was organized in the tabular form and figures as necessary respectively. The tables and figures are described below. The findings of the study are presented in the subsequent sections.

Characteristics of the Respondents

This study seeks to determine whether obesity is related to socioeconomic status and economic conditions of the respondents parents.Table-2 shows the distribution of students by age. The ages of the respondents were between 13 to 16 years and their mean age was 15.17 (±0.658) years. Among the 340 respondents most (68.5%) were below 15 years of age and another (31.5%) were above15 years of age.

Age (Years)FrequencyPercentage (%)
<1523368.5.
>1510731.5
Total340100%

Table 2: Distribution of respondents by their age (n=340) (minimum age 13 years, Maximum age 16 years and Mean age 15.17 (±0.658)

Parents Educational Qualifications of Respondents

The number of obesity girl students is increasing day by day among many students in Dhaka, the capital of Bangladesh. The case schools are the girl high school in the middle of Dhaka city and many parents are educated but it is observed their children was facing the obesity health problems due to lack of proper guidance and management. The Figure 1 shows the distribution of student’s by their mother’s educational qualification. Among all respondent’s mother 64.4% of graduate, HSC passed 23.8%, 10.3% SSC passed and only 1.5% mother had primary educational qualification.

Figure 1: Distribution of respondents by their mother educational qualification (n=340).
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Distribution of respondents by their mother educational qualification (n=340).

The study finding does not find any significant relationship (significant level of p<0.05) with parent’s educational qualification and obesity of the girl student at the selected high schools in Dhaka city. The survey results show that the distribution of student’s by their father’s educational qualification. Among all respondent’s father 85.3% of graduate, HSC passed 10.3%, SSC passed 2.9% and only 1.5% father had primary educational qualification.

Monthly Family Income of the Respondents

Table 3 shows the distribution of students by their family income. Here, minimum family income was 30000 taka and maximum family income was 550000 taka. Their mean family income was 85264.71 (±78352.24) taka. Most of the families (88.9%) income was less than 100000 taka. On the other hand only 5.9% and 5.65 family’s income was 100000 to 200000 taka and more than 200000 taka.

Family Income (BDT)FrequencyPercentage (%)
<10000030188.5
100000-200000205.9
>200000195.6
Total340100%

Table 3: Distribution of respondent’s by their monthly Family Income (n=340).

Correlation between Obesity and Respondent Health Discomfort

Table 4 shows the distribution of discomfort among the girl obese and non-obese student’s in their body region according to percentage. Among all respondent highest discomfort had present in head region (55.9%). Another, neck pain was 30.9%, in shoulder 22.1%, in upper back region pain was 15.9%, in lower back 20.6%, in hips and knees region were 25% and 22.1% and in ankle and feet region pain were 11.8% and 4.4%.

Body Region of Obese Girl StudentsDiscomfort/PainTotal
YesNo
Head190 (55.9%)150 (44.1%)340 (100%)
Neck105 (30.9%)235 (59.1%)340 (100%)
Shoulder75 (22.1%)265 (77.9%)340 (100%)
Upper back54 (15.9%)286 (84.1%)340 (100%)
Lower back70 (20.6%)270 (79.4%)340 (100%)
Hips85 (25%)255 (75%)340 (100%)
Knees75 (22.1%)265 (77.9%)340 (100%)
Ankle40 (11.8%)300 (88.2%)340 (100%)
Feet15 (4.4%)225 (95.6%)340 (100%)

Table 4: Distribution of respondent’s by pain in their different body region (n=340).

Figure 2: Distribution of respondent’s percentage by their medical condition (n=340).
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Distribution of respondent’s percentage by their medical condition (n=340).

Figure 2 shows distribution of respondents by their medical condition. Medical condition means Blood Pressure, Breathing Difficulty and Others such as Asthma etc. Here, 7.4% of students had blood pressure like medical condition. On the other hand, about 23.5% of students had breathing difficulty and another 28.2% of students suffering from others medical condition.

Table 5 shows the distribution of respondent’s by their Systolic Blood Pressure. Here, I found student’s minimum systolic blood pressure was 110 mmHg, maximum systolic blood pressure was 130 mmHg and mean systolic blood Pressure was 117.84 (±6.423). Maximum student’s systolic blood pressure was 120 or below 120 (87.4%).On the other side, 43% of systolic Blood pressure was more than 120.

Systolic Blood Pressure
(mmHg)		FrequencyPercentage
(%)
≤12029787.4
>1204312.6
Total340100%

Table 5: Distribution of respondent’s by their systolic blood pressure (n=340). Minimum systolic blood pressure was 110 mmHg, max

Table 6 shows the distribution of high school girl student’s age by their onset of menstruation in years. Here, the study results revealed that the respondent’s age of onset of menstruation between 9 to 14 years. Mean age was 11.88 (±0.940) years when menstruation starts. Almost all respondent’s (67.1%) menstruation starts between 11 to 12 years of age. Another 24.7% and 8.2% of respondent’s menstruation starts 10 or below 10 years of age and 13 or above.

Menstruation starts
(Years)		FrequencyPercentage
(%)
≤10288.2
12-Nov22867.1
≥138424.7
Total340100%

Table 6: Distribution of respondent’s age by their onset of menstruation in years (n=340). Minimum age of onset of menstruation 9

The survey results also raveled that the distribution of respondent’s by their height. The height of the respondents was found between 51 to 66 Inches. Minimum height was found 51 inches and maximum 66 inches. Mean height was 61.55 (±2.92) Inches.

Figure 3: Distribution of Respondent’s according to their BMI. It is observed that the 84.10% of respondents whose BMI was 25 or below. Another 15.9% of respondents BMI were above 25.
Click to enlarge
Figure 3: Distribution of Respondent’s according to their BMI. It is observed that the 84.10% of respondents whose BMI was 25 or below. Another 15.9% of respondents BMI were above 25.

The study results indicate that the obesity problem of the high school girl could be affected by Hirsutism which is a condition in women that results in excessive growth of dark or coarse hair in a male-like pattern face, chest and back. With hirsutism, extra hair growth often arises from excess male hormones (androgens), primarily testosterone. Also the Acanthosis nigricans could be made some negative impact which is a  skin condition that causes a dark discoloration in body folds and creases. It typically affects the armpits, groin and neck. Acanthosis nigricans is a skin condition characterized by areas of dark, velvety discoloration in body folds and creases. Figure 4: distribution of respondent’s according to their observational check list and it is found that the highest 16.2% was Hirsutism. Another 14.7% belongs to Acanthosis nigricans, Skin tag and Acne vulgaris was found 3.2% and 4.7% among all respondents. In Dhaka, Megacity population’s growth rates are very high that’s why ensuring the quality food supply and pure drinking water in the school students are the main challenges. In a results, many students took the junk first food at the lunch time which is enhancing the obesity problems in the high school students in Dhaka Megacity.

Figure 4: distribution of respondent’s according to their observational check list and it is found that the highest 16.2% was Hirsutism. Another 14.7% belongs to Acanthosis nigricans, Skin tag and Acne vulgaris was found 3.2% and 4.7% among all respondents. In Dhaka, Megacity population’s growth rates are very high that’s why ensuring the quality food supply and pure drinking water in the school students are the main challenges. In a results, many students took the junk first food at the lunch time which is enhancing the obesity problems in the high school students in Dhaka Megacity.
Click to enlarge
Figure 4: distribution of respondent’s according to their observational check list and it is found that the highest 16.2% was Hirsutism. Another 14.7% belongs to Acanthosis nigricans, Skin tag and Acne vulgaris was found 3.2% and 4.7% among all respondents. In Dhaka, Megacity population’s growth rates are very high that’s why ensuring the quality food supply and pure drinking water in the school students are the main challenges. In a results, many students took the junk first food at the lunch time which is enhancing the obesity problems in the high school students in Dhaka Megacity.

Incompatibility of Obese and Non-obese High School Girls

This study compares the incompatibility of different medical health and physical problems of Obese and Non- obese High School Girls in twos elective high schools in Dhaka metropolis. According to the BMI policy, 54 girls out of 340 respondents are included in the Obesity Index and the remaining 286 girls are in the Non-Obese Index. Table 7 shows distribution of Respondent’s Pain related medical condition in their body regions and BMI. Among all body region head pain was highest (47.06%) but it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Neck pain was highest (23.5%) those BMI was ≤25. But it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Shoulder, Upper back and lower back pain were increases with their BMI subsequently. But it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Hips pain was severe those BMI was ≤25 but it was increases with BMI and it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Knee pain was also increases subsequently with their BMI but not statistically significant (p>0.05). Ankle (27.85) and feet Pain (27.8%) was rise according to their BMI and those region was statistically significant (p<0.05).

Pain in different body regionBMITest of significance
Non-obese (≤25)Obese (>25)
(n=286)(n=54)
HeadYes160 (55.9%)30 (55.6%)p=0.095
No126 (44.1%)24 (44.6%)
NeckYes80 (28%)25 (46.3%)p=0.008*
No206 (72%)29 (53.7%)
ShoulderYes60 (21%)15 (27.8%)p=0.269
No226 (79%)39 (72.2%)
Upper backYes44 (15.4%)10 (18.5%)p=0.563
No242 (84.6%)44 (81.5%)
Lower backYes60 (21%)10 (18.5%)p=0.682
No226 (79%)44 (81.5%)
Hips/ThighYes60 (21%)25 (46.3%)p=0.005*
No226 (79%)29 (53.7%)
KneesYes60 (21%)15 (27.8%)p=0.269
No226 (79%)39 (72.2%)
AnkleYes25 (8.7%)15 (27.8%)
No261 (91.3%)39 (72.2%)p=0.005*
FeetYes015(27.8%)p=0.005*
No286(100%)39(72.2%)

Table 7: Association of Pain according to body region among obese school girls [*statistically significant (p<0.05)].

Table 8 shows distribution of Respondent’s medical condition and BMI. Among all medical conditions Hypertension (HTN) was very high 27.8% for obese students and none-obese student’s only 3.5% which was statistically significant (p<0.05) with BMI. Due to weight and other complications obese girl’s students have also faced breathing difficulties.

BMI
Medical conditionNon-obese ≤25 (n=286)Obese >25 (n=54)Test of significance
Hypertension (HTN)Yes10 (3.5%))15 (27.8%))p=0.005*
No276 (96.5%))39 (72.2%))
Breathing difficultiesYes70 (24.5%))10 (18.5%))p=0.344
No216 (75.5%))44(81.5%))
OthersYes81 (28.3%))15 (27.8%))p=0.935
No205 (71.7%))39 (72.2%))

Table 8: Association of respondent’s medical condition and BMI [*statistically significant (p<0.05)].

Table 9 shows the distribution of Respondent’s Observational checklist and BMI. Among all observational checklist acanthosis nigricans was 14% of those BMI was 25 or below 25 and other respondents whose BMI was more than 25 were having 18.5% of acanthosis nigricans. But it was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

The study results revealed that the Skin tag was 3.8% who had BMI was 25 or below 25. But it was not statistically significant (p>0.05). Hirsutism was highest 27.8% who had BMI was more than 25. And it was statistically significant (p<0.05). Acne vulgaris was 3.8% who had BMI was 25 or below 25 and 9.3% of those BMI was more than 25. And it was not statistically significant (p>0.05).

BMITest of significance
Observational checklistNon-obese ≤25
(n=286)		Obese
>25 (n=54)
Acanthosis nigricansPresent40(14%)10(18.5%)p=0.388
Absent246(86%)44(81.5%)
Skin tagPresent11(3.8%)0p=0.143
Absent275(96.2%)54(100%)
HirsutismPresent40(14%)15(27.8%)p=0.012*
Absent286(86%)39(72.2%)
Acne vulgarisPresent11(3.8%)5(9.3%)p=0.085
Absent275(96.2%)49(90.7%)

Table 9: Association of observational checklist among obese and non-obese school girls (n=340). [*statistically significant (p<0.

Conclusion

To compare the health problems of obese and non- obese girl students and to determine the socio demographic characteristics of obese and non-obese girl students of case study high schools in Dhaka City in Bangladesh have been analyzed in this study. Although this study analyzed the data of two girls’ school in Dhaka metropolis of Bangladesh, but by the results of this research it was possible to predict the obesity rate of girls’ high students, their physical problems and family status of the students and the level of overall awareness of the respondents and their parents. The study results revealed that the head pain was more common among obese students. Irregular menstruation, heavy menstruation and heavy blood flow was also common through obese students. Also, the neck, hips/thighs, ankle, feet pain, hypertension, hirsutism was statistically significant comparing with the BMI index. The study results indicated that the large scale study involving with different schools could be come to the more significant results of this kind of study. As different problems was found among obese students so awareness can be raised regarding food habit and healthy life style. This study could be pathways to realize the current obesity health problems of the high school girls and to build some policies for reducing this public health related obesity of high school girls in Bangladesh.

Funding

There is no funding support for this study

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the first and second author on reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable

Compliance with Ethical Standards

There are no conflicts of interest in this study.

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@article{sharmin2021,
  title   = {Assessment on Incompatibility of Health Problems between Obese and Non-Obese Girls Students of High School at Dhaka City in Bangladesh},
  author  = {Sharmin SM, Yasmin N, Khairujjaman M, Seoty NR, Islam MR and
Islam MN},
  journal = {Public Health Open Access},
  year    = {2021},
  volume  = {5},
  number  = {2},
  doi     = {10.23880/phoa-16000188}
}
Sharmin SM, Yasmin N, Khairujjaman M, Seoty NR, Islam MR and
Islam MN (2021). Assessment on Incompatibility of Health Problems between Obese and Non-Obese Girls Students of High School at Dhaka City in Bangladesh. Public Health Open Access, 5(2). https://doi.org/10.23880/phoa-16000188
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Assessment on Incompatibility of Health Problems between Obese and Non-Obese Girls Students of High School at Dhaka City in Bangladesh
AU  - Sharmin SM, Yasmin N, Khairujjaman M, Seoty NR, Islam MR and
Islam MN
JO  - Public Health Open Access
PY  - 2021
VL  - 5
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.23880/phoa-16000188
ER  -