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Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine Research Article 6 min read

A Critical Review on Paras-Pipal (Thespasia Populnea Linn) “An Ayurvedic Herbâ€

Pamnani M*, Kumar V, Kaushal K, Sharma AK, Mishra RC and Soni P
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2578-4986  10.23880/jonam-16000130  Received: March 27, 2018  Published: May 17, 2018
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&lt p&gt Ayurveda Grahi Mutrasangrahniya Paraspipal Panchvalkala&lt /p&gt
Abstract

<p style="text-align: justify;">Herbs play a major role in Ayurvedic system. An ayurvedic herb is a plant source which is used in the preparation of ayurvedic medicines. It acts as a perfect mechanism in bringing a balanced harmony between the mind & spirit. The ayurvedic science which works based on the herb promises wonders to mankind when taken in a wise & prudent manner. Paraspipal is one of them. Paraspipal (Thespesia populnea) also known as Parisha a drug of Panchvalkala (Mishrak Gana) is a plant that occurs in India specially in seacoastal regions.It is commonly planted as an avenue tree & at other places largely cultivated for ornament & shade. It is attributed with Kaphkara, Shukrala, Grahi & Mutrasangrahniya Karmas. Present review article analyze the classical references & medicinal uses on the basis of various available texts</p>

Introduction

Paraspipal or Parisha enumerated with Panchvalkala by Acharya Bhavmishra & also known as Indian Tulip tree, Pacific rosewood or Portia tree. It is a species of flowering plant in the Mallow family, Malvaceae. It is a small tree or arborescent shrub that has a pan tropical distribution, found on coasts around the world. In India it extends from the shoves of west Bengal to Peninsular India & the Andamans. Also grown as a road side tree in tropical regions. It applies externally to various skin diseases eg. psoriasis & also acts as atonic, astringent also used in diseases like urinary tract infections, diabetes, arthritis, asthma, Gunea worm infections. It posses profound therapeutically potency attributed with Kaphkara, Shukrala, Grahi & Mutrasangrahniya Karmas [1, 3, 5].

Chief Characters

A small to medium sized tree with roundish or ovate, cordate, acuminate, entire glabrous leaves 7-12cm with long petioled [2]. Fruit: Conical to spindle shaped & fruiting occurs particularly in Dec-april.

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Flowers: Yellow with red spots & flowering occurs throughout the year.

Etymology

• Parisha-‘Paari Brahmagyanama’

• Isha-Ishayte gamyate asmin zigiushbhi iti.

• People for enlightment wish to prefer this tree.

• Thespasia-Thespesios(Greek)-wonderful.

• Populnea-Populas(Latin)-pertaining to populars [3, 6].

Gardhbhaand‘Gardbhasya andamiv falam asya iti
gardhbhaand’
Its fruit resembles like testis of an
ass,due to this characteristic it is
known as Gardhbhaand.
‘Gardhbh gandh vishesham,amti
prapnoti,am gatyadishyu’
It have specific smell.
KandraalaIs tree mostly found in caves or caves
like places known as Kandraala.
KapitanaKam pitayati kapitana
Kapi stanoti vaa
Kapina kape vaa varnasya shobha
tanute iti
Kapitana expands beauty as like as
colour of monkey
SuparshvakaTrees spread in an arranged manner.
CheerpadapaFruit consists of latex.
FalishaTrees have Fruits.
KamandalFruit resembles like kamandal(Thing
used to kept water or any other liquid)
SuprititishtaTrees are famous.
KapichootMonkeys like its fruits as mango.
FalashrenivaraIts fruits are best among the
Panchcheeri Vriksha.
KapervaasMostly monkeys like to live on these
trees so it is called as Kapervaas

Table 2: Showing the Synonyms according to the various classical texts [6,7].

LanguageNames
EnglishAnnadine, Bendy tree, Bhendi tree, Indian
Tulip tree, Portia tree.
HindiBhendhi, Gajadanda, Paraspipal, Parasipu
MalayalamPoovarasu, Chelantipatta, pooparutti
BengaliGajashundi, Palaspipal, Poresh
GujaratiParas Piplo
KannadaArasi, Bangali, Huvarasi
MarathiAastha, Aas, Parasbhendi, Parosapimpal,
Parshvapimpal, Pimparani, Pimpari.
TamilPuvarsu
TelguGangaravi
SanskritPaarish, Gardhbhanda, Kandrala, Kapitana,
Suparshvaka

Table 1: Showing the Vernacular Names according to the various classical texts [8].

Samhitas/NighantuGana/Varg
Charaka SamhitaMutrasangrahniya,
Kashayaskandha
Sushruta SamhitaNyagrodhadi Gana
Bhaav Prakash
Nighantu		Vatadi Varg
Kaidev \NighantuAushadhi Varg
Shaaligram NighantuVatadi Varg
Ashtanga NighantuNyagrodhadi Gana

Table 3: Showing the Gana/Varg according to the various classical texts [9-14].

RASA
RasaP.v.sharmaB.N.K.N.N.R.P.N.
Madhura-+(Root &
Majja)		+(Root &
Majja)		+(Fala,
Majja)		-
Amla-+(Fala)+(Fala)+(Fala)-
Lavana-----
Katu-----
Tikta-----
Kashaya++(Majja)+(Majja)+(Root)+

Table 4: Showing the Rasa Panchaka according to the various classical texts [11,12,15-17].

GUNA
GunaP.v. sharmaB.N.K.N.N.R.P.N.M.N.
Laghoo+-----
Ruksha+---+-
Snigdha-+++-+
Sheet----+-

Table 5: Showing the Rasa Panchaka according to the various classical texts [11,12,15-17].

Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine

DoshkarmaS.S.M.N.S.N.N.RB.N.K.N.P.V. sharma
Kaphakaraka-+++++-
Vatpittashamana---+---
Kaphapittashamana------+
Raktpittashamaka+------

Table 6: Showing the Doshkarma according to the various classical texts [10-12,15,16,18,19]. Veerya-Sheet(P.V),Vipaka-Katu(P.V)

KarmaM.N.S.N.N.R.B.N.K.N.P.v.sharmaS.SC.S.
Vrishya+++++---
Krimiprada(krimikaraka)+++++---
Hridya--+--+--
Dahashamaka--+---+-
Kanthya--+-----
Kushthghana-----+--
Yonidoshhara-----+--
Vranaropana-----+--
Punsavana-----+--
Mutrasangrahniya-----+-+
Vranropana------+-
Graahi-----++-
Bhagna-Asthisandhana------+-
Medohara-----++-
Vishaghana-----+--
Yonidoshhara------+-

Table 7: Showing the Karmas (pharmacological actions) according to the various classical texts [9-12,15,16,18,19].

Chemical Composition

The Plant yields kaempferol & its glycosides, herbacetin & its glycosides, populenol, populnin, populnetin, quercetin, rutin, gossipetin, gossypol, B- sitosterol & its glycoside, lupeol, lupenone, alkanes, myricylalcohol, thespesone, thespone, calycopterin, sesquiterpenoidal, quinones, aminoacids & carbohydrates. Fatty acid composition of the seed oil is also reported [5].

Folklore Uses

  • In Middle Province its Root considers as Balya.
  • People of konkan region uses its flowers in PAMA disease & using its leaves(after heated)in inflammation or other inflammatory body places.
  • People also use its stem bark decoction for washing of PAMA affected areas.
  • In Maurities its bark uses as a purifier also in diseases like diarrohea, bleeding piles etc.
  • In Medagascar its bark decoction used in chronic diarrhea and various skin diseases.
  • Rumphians people uses its inner wood in a disease named as Pleurodynia in which severe pain occurs in ribs & also person feels difficulty to take breath.
  • In Koman its leaves are used as ointment to cure eczema of childrens.
  • In Philippians its bark decoction used in bleeding diarrohea.
  • In Dahiti its fruits are used to cure headache [7, 20].

Controversy

Pareesha (Thespesia populnea)is included in Panch- cheeri vriksha.(A group of trees which cosists of latex.)it’s bark doesn’t cosists of latex but its fruits have latex & also included in Panch -valkala mishrak gana. Pareesha is a synonym of Paraspipal. Some authors considers F.arnottiana & F.rumphi as Pareesha because their leaves resembles like as pippal(Ficus religiosa) [11].

Part Used

Stem bark [3, 15].

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Posology

Decoction- 50-100ml, POWDER-3-6gm [3, 11, 15].

Latest Research on Thespasia Populnea

• Antidiabetic and Antihyperlipidemic effect of Thespasia

populnea fruit pulp.

  • Anti-psoriatic activity.
  • Antibacterial activity.
  • Antimicrobial property of Thespasia populnea [21, 22].

Therapeutic Uses

  • Applied externally to Scabies, Psoriasis & other skin diseases.
  • Its unripe fruit with Misri or Guda in tablet form through oral route to cure Aam, Sangrahini, Arsha.
  • Seed oil is used in various skin diseases.
  • Its extract is used in Pitta diseases.
  • Its 2 to 3 seed with Shakkar used to cure Sangrahini, bavasira (piles), Sujaka, Burning micturition.
  • Its fruit, leaves, root used to cure skin diseases when applied externally.
  • Its yellow liquid which comes out from fruit used to cure skin diseases when applied externally, before using it, the affected area should be washed with its bark decoction properly.
  • Its bark decoction used to cure abdominal pain.
  • After heating leaves & convert into paste then applies externally to the swelling of joints,gall bladder, it helps to relieve them.
  • Its decoction used to purify the blood when taken in a dose of 7-10 Tola [2, 3, 7, 20].

Therapeutic Indications

Kushta, Yonidosha, Prameha, Vrana, Bleeding disorders, Hridroga, Kanthruja [2, 3, 15].

Discussion

It is attributed with Kaphakara, Shukrala, Grahi, and Mutrasangrahniya Karmas. A drug of Panchvalkala/ Panchcheeri Vriksha. It is indicated in Kapha-Pitta vikara,Kushta (skin diseases), Yonidosha (vaginal disorders), Prameha (Diabetes), Vrana & other Bleeding disorders. It is considered useful in toxicity & Medoroga due to its Lekhana property. Acharya Bhavprakash says it shows Punsavana activity when Woman regularly takes Paraspippal mixed with Jeeraka & Sharpunkha to have male child. Most of the classical authors says that it have Vrishya property. Its Fruits resembles like Testis of an ass due to this character it is known as Gardhbhanda. Its fruit also consists of latex used to cure skin diseases when applied externally. Its leaves in the form of hot poultice beneficial in painful joints act as a tonic, astringent & given internally as an alternative.

Conclusion

Paraspippal a drug of Panchcheeri/ Panchavalkala mishraka gana does Grahi, Mutrasangrahniya actions due to Kashaya rasa (astringent property) used in skin diseases when applied externally & indicated in Prahmeha disorder (a group of 20 diseases, Madhumeha (Diabetes) is one of them) according to the ancient ayurvedic acharya. Regarding it we can use it in diabetes in which frequent urination & skin diseases occurs. More research has to be needed. Plant rich in chemical constituent & posses many medicinal properties. It also helpful in skin diseases because it consists Madhura rasa which has Twachya property as per Acharya charaka means that it is useful in skin disorders also consists Kashaya rasa which diminishes the Rakta & Pitta dosha which play a major role in skin diseases. More research has to be needed.

References

  1. Significance of Ayurvedic Herbs.
  2. Ojha JK, A handbook of Dravyaguna. Chaukhamba publications, pp: 253.
  3. Niteshwar K Hemadri K, Dravyaguna vijnana, Chaukhamba publications pp: 227.
  4. Asima Chatterjee, Pakrashi SC, The treatise of indian medicinal plants 5: 188.
  5. Sanjeev kumar laale, Aushadhnaamrupavigyanam, part-1, pp: 178.
  6. Bapalal vaidhya SH, Nighantu Adarsha, Chaukhamba Bharti Academy 1:167.
  7. Thespesia populnea Portia Tree.
  8. Agnivesa, Kasinath Sastri Pt, Gorakhanatha Chaturvedi, Charaka Samhita. Revised by Charaka, Drdhabala, Chaukhamba Bharati Academy, Varanasi, Re-print 2004.
  9. Sushrutha, Sushrutha Samhita, Ayurveda-tattva- sandipika In: Kaviraja ambikadutta shastri (Ed.), Part -1, Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi. Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine
  10. Chunekar KC, Sri Bhavamisra Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, In: Pandeya GS (Ed.), Chaukhamba Bharti Academy.
  11. Acharya Kaiyadeva (1979) Kaiyadeva Nighantu (Pathyapathya Vibhodhaka). In: Priya Vrat Sharma (Ed), 1st (Edn), Guru Prasada Sharma, Chaukhambha Orientalia Varanasi.
  12. Shaligrama (2007) Shaligrama Nighantu. Khemraj Shrikrishna Das Mumbai pp: 492-493.
  13. Vahata (1973) Astanga Nighantu. Sharma PV (Ed), 1st (Edn), Kuppuswamy Shastri Research Institute, Madras.
  14. Sharma Priya Vrat, Dravyaguna Vijnana. Chaukhambha Bharati Academy, Varanasi Re-print 2011 2: 680.
  15. Krushnashastri N, Pandurang J (1936) Nighantu Ratnakar. Saraswati Pustakalaya, Kanpur.
  16. Sharma Priya Vrat (2004) Priyanighantu. Along with the author’s Hindi commentary. Padma (Ed), Varanasi, Chaukhamba Surabharathi Prakashana, Chapter 1, Haritakyadivarga, pp: 275.
  17. Nrupa Madanpala (1961) Madanpala nighantu (Eds.), Gangavishnu Srikrishnadas pp: 120
  18. Gyanendra Pandey, Shodhala nighantuh (Eds.), Dwivedi RR, Chaukhamba Krishnadas Academy, Varanasi PP: 113.
  19. Shreechandra raj bhandari (1953) Vanaushdhi chandrodya. 2nd (Edn.), Chaukhambha Sanskrit Sansthan, Varanasi, pp: 63-64.
  20. JLN Shastry, Thespesia Populnea- Portia Trees, Illustrated Dravyaguna Vijnana.
  21. Senthil-Rajan D, Rajkumar M, Srinivasan R, Kumarappan C, Arunkumar K, et al. (2013) Investigation on antimicrobial activity of root extracts of Thespesia populnea Linn. Trop Biomed 30(4): 570- 578.
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@article{pamnani2018,
  title   = {A Critical Review on Paras-Pipal (Thespasia Populnea Linn) “An Ayurvedic Herbâ€},
  author  = {Pamnani M, Kumar V, Kaushal K, Sharma AK, Mishra RC and Soni P},
  journal = {Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine},
  year    = {2018},
  volume  = {2},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.23880/jonam-16000130}
}
Pamnani M, Kumar V, Kaushal K, Sharma AK, Mishra RC and Soni P (2018). A Critical Review on Paras-Pipal (Thespasia Populnea Linn) “An Ayurvedic Herbâ€. Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine, 2(3). https://doi.org/10.23880/jonam-16000130
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AU  - Pamnani M, Kumar V, Kaushal K, Sharma AK, Mishra RC and Soni P
JO  - Journal of Natural & Ayurvedic Medicine
PY  - 2018
VL  - 2
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DO  - 10.23880/jonam-16000130
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