A New Method of Elements Arrangement to Reattach the FBlock Elements of Lanthanides and Actinides in the IUPAC's Periodic Table of Elements

Introduction

The periodic table is the form in which the elements are arranged vertically and horizontally includes periods (shown horizontally) and groups (shown vertically) according to the atomic number so that periodic properties of the elements (chemical periodicity) are made clear. The periodic table is a masterpiece of organized chemical information. However, there is no one single or best structure for the periodic table, but most standard form and the evolution of chemistry's periodic table into the current form of the IUPAC's is very useful and the most common and an astonishing achievement.

Everything is made of atoms, and about of 118 different elements was discovered yet, these elements individually have been named and described by symbols, and according to atomic number they all were tabulated into rows (Periods) and columns (Groups) in the periodic table. In the early years of the 17th century, when new isotopes of many elements were discovered and about only 60 elements were known, Robert Boyle in 1661 proved that elements are formed by atoms. Building on the element's properties, Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner achieved in 1829 a form of arrangement to the known elements into families or Triads, and in 1865 a new step came by John Newlands who noticed that element properties were more similar to the following element, which was named the Octaves, unfortunately there was not a suitable patterns to fit with Newlands, and this step was rejected as it was not fitting with the attitude of British chemical society [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].

There was not a really advanced step till the 1869 when Russian chemistry professor Dmitri Mendeleev achieved a revolutionary improvement in the main body of the periodic table of elements. Mendeleev published his tabulated element in a paper in which he drawn a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements as each the 63 known elements were arranged in groups according to their properties, this step allowed him to recognize that there is a clear pattern in which the elements were columned whenever the atomic mass number was decreased [7]. However, Mendeleev left gaps in his table whenever he did not found the suitable elements to fill these gaps, thus he was able to have predictions about the properties to the missed elements, and he also gave detailed predictions for the properties of elements he had earlier noted were missing, but should exist. The first outcomes from Mendeleev's table came in 1875 when Gallium element was discovered to fill the gap according Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F. A New Method of Elements Arrangement to Reattach the F-Block Elements of Lanthanides and Actinides in the IUPAC's Periodic Table of Elements. Med & Analy Chem Int J 2019, 3(4): 000148.

to predicted properties predicted by Mendeleev's table, later Germanium and Scandium elements also proved the Mendeleev's table predictions filling the gaps [8, 9].

In 1913, the second revolutionary improvement in the periodic table achieved by Henry Moseley, by rearranging the table according to increasing in the atomic number instead the previous indication of the atomic mass number. Moseley's table was internationally adopted as it allowed successfully adding all current and these new discovered elements with their predicted properties, and his organization of the periodic table can be used to derive relationships between the various element properties, but also the predicted chemical properties and behaviour of undiscovered or newly synthesized elements. More advanced development was added to the periodic table by Glenn Seaborg, an American scientist. In 1945 Seaborg made the suggestion that the actinide elements, like the lanthanides, were filling an f sub-level [10, 11]. Seaborg's suggestion was found to be correct and he subsequently went on to win the 1951 Nobel Prize in chemistry for his work in synthesizing actinide elements. In 2010, a joint Russia-US collaboration claimed to have synthesized six atoms of element 117 (Tennessine), making it the most recently claimed discovery [12, 13]. It, along with element 113 (Nihonium), element 115 (Moscovium), and element 118 (Oganesson), are the four most recently named elements, whose names all became official by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's (IUPAC) on 28 November 2016 [14, 15, 16].

The most radical development to take place in contemporary research on the periodic table has been a willingness to challenge tradition by questioning whether the periodic system should be displayed in a two- dimensional form and whether it should even be displayed as a table. Nevertheless, there is no one single or best structure for the periodic table. Most standard formats of the periodic table generally place the f-block elements below the main body of the periodic table. Even the current periodic table adopted by IUPAC is not a perfect form; the table has gaps in its main body such as these in columns and rows between Hydrogen and Helium (gaps from Period 1 till 18), in addition to the separation in the table body between the 6th and 7th Groups, and the intersection at 3rd Group. Also, there are two huge gaps in elements list after the elements 56th and 88th, in which, 28 elements in the f-block of Lanthanum are split off the table body as all were individually located down the main body of the table. The result is a gap in the element series starting by the element number 56 till  Copyright© Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F.

Medicinal & Analytical Chemistry International Journal

number 72, and also from element number 88 till 104, both these tow gaps are containing elements of Lanthanides and Actinides involved in the central body of the table at Periods 6 and 7, and snapped with Group 3. Thus, the IUPAC's modern periodic table unconnectedly placed the f-block elements below the main body of the periodic table leaving two gaps split off the main body of the table. Obviously, this separation in the f-block elements will be increased in future whenever additional future elements needed to be listed in the table.

Building on these points, this research presents a new improvement in the current periodic table to tackle these gaps and split group of Lanthanum without doing any changes in the systematic arrangement of the IUPAC's modern periodic table. In fact the solution built on viewing the periodic table by 3d-dimentional views and systemizing the f-block element to be listed into the main body of table at the same position to its elements in which the f-block elements are systemized into their natural position between the s- and d-blocks. Form this arrangement, f-block elements of Lanthanides and Actinides were in no interruptions in the sequence of increasing atomic numbers. In addition, the relationship of the f-block to the other blocks of the periodic table also becomes easier to see.

For the previous reason, this research is motivated by mentioned gaps; it seems largely fit with an aspect standard form that fits on to the IUPAC's table of atomic number, groups, and periods. The paper tried to fill the current table's gaps focusing on the f-block 28 elements of Lanthanum to be inserted into the resulting space. In this paper, the table is the standard form of the IUPAC's table using the 3d dimensional table projected by engineering projection drawing theory to draw the table. This feature presented in this research is rather important because it is based solely on atomic number, groups, and periods, the only criterion of the elements regarded as three- Dimensional Method of element arrangement and representation in the periodic table rather than simple two dimensional recommended by IUPAC.

In this research, 3D-modified periodic table displays 7 Periods, and 12 Groups, in addition to 20 horizontal co- Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F. A New Method of Elements Arrangement to Reattach the F-Block Elements of Lanthanides and Actinides in the IUPAC's Periodic Table of Elements. Med & Analy Chem Int J 2019, 3(4): 000148.

ordination’s (named as Nada) involved in this research to determine and dispenses altogether the elements positions at the periodic system. The main motivation for this improvement layout is that it leads to the formation of a set of 7 projected views involving in the periodic table to solve the problem of spilt f-block of Lanthanum, (Lanthanides & Actinides), unlike in the current table of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry's (IUPAC). In addition, the study graphically predicted the positions of the 55 future elements starting from 119 till the element of 173, developed in this research depending on the number of Periods (rows) and Groups (columns), which are depicted according to the IUPAC's table.

Methods

The research is design to deal with the current periodic table, without any change in the arrangement of elements that vertically presents the periods, and horizontally the groups systemized in the IUPAC's table. The research methodology is design to fill these mentioned gaps in the periodic table (elements of Lanthanide and Actinide), without any change in the elements arrangement that presents the periods vertically, and the groups horizontally systemized by atomic number as in the IUPAC's table. Horizontally, rows (Periods) were divided into 7 steps starting from element No.1 down to element number (87), whereas at the (Z-coordinator) the columns (Groups) starting form element No. 1 (Hydrogen) till element No. 2 (Hilum), as all were vertically listed within (12) steps. Building on the 3d-dimentional shape, a third coordinator was needed in order to distribution the element in the third dimension, which is related to my daughter's name, named as "Nada" and divided for geometrical aspects into 20 coordinators, (_Nada_N1…N2..…N20), in which the table body is divided into 4 perpendicular Phases (1,2,3 & 4), consequently the table vertically linked within 3dimentions into (4) parts by (4) Lanes (A,B,C and D). Therefore, the group of elements of Lanthanide and Actinide is easily relinked with the end of phrase (1) to produce the phase (2), which meant that two phrases (1&2) are vertically rejoined at elements of (57) and (89) respectively and the periodic table is built in one unit (Figure 1).

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which all are involved in Periods of (1,2&3), and in Groups of (1,2,3,4,5,6&7).

• Phase 2: This part includes set of (30) elements of Lanthanides & Actinides, which are linked with the Phase (1) starting from elements: (57 & 89). As a result of being this Phase in a different projection, (perpendicular with both Phases 1 and 3), thus all its elements are not listed within any Groups or Periods, therefore it is necessary to add a new direction, which is named as "Nada", and for geometrical aspects it is horizontally divided into 20 steps, (_Nada_N1…N2..…N20), starting from phase (1) till (4).
• Phase 3: This part includes a set of (48) elements, Therefore, the new table was divided into (4) parts, which all were drawn for geometrical aspects within perpendicular projections, which needed to be determined by specific Lanes that have signs started by Lane (A) at the Phase (1), and Land (B) at the Phase (2), and the Lane (C) at Phase (3), and finally Lane (C) at Phase (4), (Figure 2).

which all are involved vertically in Periods of (4,5,6&7),

Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F. A New Method of Elements Arrangement to Reattach the F-Block Elements of Lanthanides and Actinides in the IUPAC's Periodic Table of Elements. Med & Analy Chem Int J 2019, 3(4): 000148.

and horizontally in Groups of (3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11&12). This phase is drawn to be paralleled to view of phase (1), (at the elements: 58 & 90), whereas it is drawn to be projected with view of phase (2), (at the elements No. 71 &103). • Phase 4: This part includes a set of (37) elements, which all are involved horizontally in Periods of (1,2,3,4,5,6&7), and vertically in one Group (number 12). Also, in this research Phase (4) is drawn perpendicularly with Phase (3), (elements from 30,48,80&112).

 Copyright© Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F.

Medicinal & Analytical Chemistry International Journal

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Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F. A New Method of Elements Arrangement to Reattach the F-Block Elements of Lanthanides and Actinides in the IUPAC's Periodic Table of Elements. Med & Analy Chem Int J 2019, 3(4): 000148.

element number 56 and 88 respectively, and to be vertically linked to Groups (3) and the Periods (1 and 2). This perpendicular connection allowed both Phases (1&2) to joined at Lanes (A and B), and also to Phases (2 & 3) to be joined at Lane (B and C), which is it the end of both the Lanthanide & Actinide assemblies (Figure 3).

 Copyright© Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F.

Medicinal & Analytical Chemistry International Journal

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Conclusion

The new method in which the proposed 3-d periodic table can play a critical role in the teaching and learning of chemistry, from its inception, the form of the periodic table is proposed as its fundamental graphic representation to reattaching these separated groups of f- block, Lanthanide and Actinide. This idea is easily reproduced by the linear succession of the elements when they are ranged in groups and periods by growing atomic number in IUPAC's two- dimensional table. In this research, a three-dimensional model is built on keeping the previous arrangement of atomic number used in Moseley and Glenn Seaborg's table (in IUPAC's table). Likewise, each one of these (7) new sides produced in this new model can be studied as a new case study. By adding an increasing on Groups number to be continued from (7) till (11), this new model can be suitable to absorb the future elements to deal with a future growth of elements starting from (No.119) till element number (173).

 Copyright© Al Ossmi LHM and Chasib K F.

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Correspondingly, two other views were produced, in which the future elements were tabulated at Phase (2). In shortage of similar implications, such simple model may play a critical role in the teaching and learning of chemistry. Therefore, it can be concluded that despite common methods for calculation and determination, here are some simples and regulatory methods which control levels of active calculation ways among the Atomic Number.