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Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research Research Article 10 min read

Variable Rates of Phosphorous Application Influenced Phenological Traits of Green Gram (Vignaradiata L.)

Imran*, Zada H, Naveed S, Khattak I and Ahmad S
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2474-8846  10.23880/oajar-16000113  Received: September 24, 2016  Published: October 28, 2016
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Keywords
Mungbean (Vignaradiata L.) Phenological traits Phosphorous
Abstract

Present study was established in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Agriculture Extension Demonstration plot Matta Circle Swat Pakistan, in summer 2014. Five levels of phosphorous (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1) with one control in the form of single super phosphate (SSP) and three cultivars of mungbean (SWAT-I, SWAT-II and NM-54) were used during the experiment. Results revealed that weeds density and phenological traits of mungbean varied with P2O5 application. A linear increase in weeds density was observed with increase in P2O5levels. Fewer days to flowering (40 days) were observed in plots received P at the rate of 80 and 100 kg ha-1 followed by 60, 40, 20 and 0 kg P ha-1, while more (44 days) were recorded in control plots. In case of varieties late flowering (42 days) was observed in variety SWAT I followed by SWAT-II, while early flowering (41 days) was recorded incultivar NM-54. Minimum days (48 days) to pods formation was noticed in P2O5 at the rate of 80 and 100 kg ha-1, while more days (52 days) to pod formation were recorded in control plots. In case of varieties NM-54 took less days (49 days) while SWAT-I were statistically at par. Among the varieties SWAT-I produced maximum biological yield (3551 kg ha-1) followed by SWAT-II (3440 kg ha-1) and NM-54 (3317 kg ha-1) respectively.

Introduction

Mungbean (Vignaradiata L.), belong to family leguminaseae. It is an indeterminate, self-pollinated crop of the short duration grown in kharif season. It is also known as king of the pulses. Mungbean contains 1-3% fats, 50.4% Carbohydrates, 3.5-4.5% fibers and 5.5% ash, while calcium and phosphorus are 132 and 367 mg per 100 grams of seed, respectively [1, 2, 3, 4]. Pulses contain important amino acids known as lysine which is frequently available in mungbean crop [4]. This essential amino acids is deficient in most of cereal grains and therefore known as poor man meat [5, 6]. The production of mungbean is very low due to poor management of cultural practices and got less attention of the farmers. Therefore a small area under mungbean cultivation is practiced in Pakistan which ranges up to 137.4 hectare with an average production 76.2 tons per hectare during

2011. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa mungbean was grown on an area of 8.5 hectare within average yield of 600 kg ha-1 which is very low as compared to advanced countries [7]. The main reasons for low yield in Pakistan are poor crop management practices and less soil fertility which do not fulfill crop nutrients requirements. Production of mungbean can be optimize by proper nutrients management and good soil health. Soil health can be sustain with addition of organic matter, less application of chemicals with proper management of weeds. Weeds are exhaustive in nature, showing aggression in term of nutrients and water uptake and compete with economic crop for other essential yield contributing traits. So to overcome on these constraints and to enhance production of the economic crop, optimum use of fertilizers should be treated with optimum eradication and suppression of weeds. In this contents Phosphorus plays a remarkable role in the formation and translocation of carbohydrates, assimilation of photosynthates, and development of roots with dense growth, crop maturation and resistance to disease [8]. Increases in the yield of different crops have been noticed with the application of macronutrient while poor performance of phosphorus fertilizer leading to depressed the productivity of the crops [2, 3, 6, 9, 10]. Applications of Phosphatic fertilizer to plants improve root development, which increased uptake of other nutrients and water to the growing parts of the plants. Photosynthates and more dry matter accumulation increased with phosphorus utilization by the plants. It has been reported that phosphorus increases number of pods plant-1, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, number of seeds pod-1 and total biomass in mungbean [1, 6, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17]. In exploiting and success of crop productivity varieties play an important role to boost up potentiality of the crop and produced greater yield. High yielding varieties and suitable sowing time are the most important factors affecting the yield. It is necessary to increase the production through varietal development and proper management practices. Keeping in view the importance of phosphorus and mungbean varieties, present study was design to study the effect of phosphorus levels for improving phenological, morphological traits, yield and yield contributing parameters of mungbean cultivars.

Materials and Methods

The response of mungbean cultivars to various phosphorous levels and its impact on weeds frequency and density was investigated at Agriculture Extension Demonstration Plot Matta Circle Swat Pakistan, in summer 2014. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design having three replications. Each experimental unit was 3×3 m2 having 10 rows. Row to row and plant to plant distance were 30 and 10 cm respectively. Three mungbean varieties (SWAT I, SWAT II and NM-54) and five levels of phosphorus (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg ha-1) with one control plot were used during the experiment. Phosphorus formulated treatments in the form of SSP (15.5 % P2O5) and recommended starter dose of Nitrogen in the form of urea (25 kg ha-1) were applied at sowing time. All other agronomic practices like irrigation, insect pest control and hoeing after calculation of weeds frequency was carried out for a successful crop production and attainable yield. Data were statistically analyzed through relevant procedure according to the randomized complete block design (RCBD) using F test for least significant difference for mean comparison.

Results and Discussion

Days to first flowering

Analysis of data showed that phosphorus (P) levels and varieties (V) significantly affected days to first flowering. The interaction between P × V showed no significant effect on days to flowering. Increase in P level causes early flowering in all the mungbean varieties. Fewer days to flowering (40 days) were observed in plots received P at the rate of 80 and 100 kg ha-1 followed by 60, 40, 20 and 0 kg P ha-1, while more (44 days) were recorded in control plots. In case of varieties late flowering (42 days) was observed in variety SWAT-I followed by SWAT-II, while early flowering (41 days) was recorded by variety NM-54. Phosphorus levels and varieties had significantly affected days to first flowering and pod formation. Delay in flowering and pod formation was occurred with decrease in P level. Control plots took maximum days to first flowering and pod formation. These results are in line with Khan et al. [1, 2, 3, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Who reported that increased in phosphorous caused early first flowering and pod formation. Mungbean variety had also significant effect on days to first flowering and pod formation. Variety SWAT I and SWAT II delayed first flowering and pod formation as compare to NM-54 (Figure 1). The variation of phenology among the varieties might be due to their genetic makeup. These results are in line with Yadi et al. [2, 3, 6] who reported different duration for phonological events for various varieties.

Figure 1: Days to first flowering of mungbean varieties as affected by various phosphorus levels.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Days to first flowering of mungbean varieties as affected by various phosphorus levels.

Days to first pod formation

Results revealed that phosphorus (P) levels and mungbean varieties (V) significantly affected days to first pod formation, while interaction between P × V non- significantly affected days to pod formation. Mean value of the data showed that plots applied P at the rate of 80 and 100 kg ha-1 took less days (48 days) to pod formation, while more days to (52 days) to pod formation were recorded in plots received no phosphorus. In case of varieties NM-54 took fewer days (49 days) while SWAT I was statistically at par by taking (50 days) to pod formation. Phosphorus levels and varieties had significantly affected days to first flowering and pod formation. Delay in flowering and pod formation was occurred with decrease in P level. Control plots took maximum days to first flowering and pod formation (Figure 2). These results are in line with Khalil et al. who reported that increased in phosphorous caused early first flowering and pod formation. Mungbean variety had also significant effect on days to first flowering and pod formation. Variety SWAT I and SWAT II delayed first flowering and pod formation as compare to NM-54. The variation of phenology among the varieties might be due to their genetic makeup. These results are in line with [2, 3, 21] who reported different duration for phonological events for various varieties [1, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17].

Figure 2: Days to first pod formation of mungbean varieties as affected by various phosphorus levels.
Click to enlarge
Figure 2: Days to first pod formation of mungbean varieties as affected by various phosphorus levels.

Plant height (cm)

Phosphorus (P) levels and mungbean varieties (V) significantly affected plant height while the interaction between P × V non-significantly affected plant height. Plots applied with 60 kg P ha-1 produced taller plants by attaining (73.9cm) height. Phosphorus applied at the rate of 80 and 100 kg ha-1 was statistically at par. while shorter plant height (57.3 cm) was recorded in control plots. Among the varieties SWAT I attained plant height (69.2 cm) while shorter plant height (66.9 cm) was observed in variety NM-54. Phosphorus levels and varieties had significantly affected plant height. Plots treated with 60 kg P ha-1 produced taller plants height, being at par with 80 and 100kg P ha-1. While shorter plants height was recorded in control plots (Figure 3). Malik et al [22] reported that increase in p levels might be decreased plant height; contradiction might be due to the change in climatic and experimental site conditions or genetic makeup of the different varieties [1, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 23, 24, 25, 26].

Figure 3: Plant height (cm) of mungbean varieties as affected by various phosphorus levels.
Click to enlarge
Figure 3: Plant height (cm) of mungbean varieties as affected by various phosphorus levels.

Conclusion

It was concluded that phenological traits of mungbean varied with P2O5 application. In case of phenological traits of mungbean, elevated traits was noticed at the rate of 80 kg P2O5 ha-1. In case of mungbean cultivars SWAT-I ranked first in all attributes contributing to yield. On the basis of above findings it is recommended that SWAT-I cultivar should be treated with 80 kg P2O5 ha-1 for higher yield under the agro-ecological condition of Malakand division.

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@article{imran2016,
  title   = {Variable Rates of Phosphorous Application Influenced
Phenological Traits of Green Gram (Vignaradiata L.)},
  author  = {Imran, Zada H, Naveed S, Khattak I and Ahmad S},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research},
  year    = {2016},
  volume  = {1},
  number  = {3},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajar-16000113}
}
Imran, Zada H, Naveed S, Khattak I and Ahmad S (2016). Variable Rates of Phosphorous Application Influenced
Phenological Traits of Green Gram (Vignaradiata L.). Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajar-16000113
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Variable Rates of Phosphorous Application Influenced
Phenological Traits of Green Gram (Vignaradiata L.)
AU  - Imran, Zada H, Naveed S, Khattak I and Ahmad S
JO  - Open Access Journal of Agricultural Research
PY  - 2016
VL  - 1
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.23880/oajar-16000113
ER  -