GIS and Remote Sensing Studies in Lakes, Coastal Areas and Tracking Regions Most Vulnerable to Diseases

Introduction

Landsat data can aid in monitoring water quality parameters from high linking between the spectral signature of things on the Earth and band values of different sensors carried on the platform of satellite. El-Amier et al. [1] used statistical model for the knowledge of trophic state of Manzala and Burullus Lakes. The model could be considered for future expectation. Abd El-Hamid et al. [2] make model for prediction of the future situation of lake Edku, and found change in the area of different Land use/cover activities. El-Alfy et al. [3] studied land use/cover areas around three important drains, Manzala Lake. And linked between the impacts of these uses at the concentrations of heavy metals in this area. El-Alfy et al. [4] used kriging model of GIS to make spatial distribution of heavy metals in the surface water of Burullus Lake. Elnaggar and El-Alfy [5] mentioned areas most vulnerable to pollution from the distribution of physiochemical parameters of both water and sediments in different habitats (drains, openwater, shoreline and islets). Tayel et al. [6] also linked between the areas of some parameters within the concentration of H2S in the sediments of Burullus Lake. El-Alfy et al. [7] studied the toxicity of heavy metal and linked its serious environmental problems within the land cover and impacts between the studied areas at rosetta area of River Nile and Mediterranean sea.

Nowadays, GIS and RS are considered as better tools in veterinary Parasitology in order to understanding the epidemiology of parasite organisms, causing either snail/ arthropod borne diseases or direct transmissible diseases, mostly in small areas with a strong impact by man. GIS technologies serves as effective tools for data capture, mapping and analysis for the development of descriptive parasitological maps; fish disease monitoring and prediction of outbreaks, studying the environmental features that influence the distribution of parasites; predicting parasite occurrence/seasonally based on their environmental requirements and as decision support for disease intervention; and surveillance and monitoring of animal disease according to Cringoli et al. [8]; Parida et al. [9].

A considerable interest has been paid recently to epidemiologists and other scientists working in the geospatial health field to provide much needed data regarding the spatial and climatic parameters which determine the distribution limits of communicable parasitic diseases at various scales, Some beneficial impacts, in addition, were mapping the main Leishmania phlebotomine vector in the endemic focus of the Mt. Vesuvius in southern Italy [10].

Pollution now threaten the marine environment. Scientists work to develop group of satellites to the continuous monitoring of water quality in seas and oceans. Table (1) indicates the satellites and sensors could be used in water quality monitoring (Data acquired from NASA/ Applied Remote Sensing Training ARSET program)

Field and Laboratory requirements aren’t easy at all times so integration Remote sensing (RS) and GIS shortened the knowledge of earth situation.

Some Applications for New Techniques in the Field of Marine Environment

• Oil spills from ships, near petroleum industries distributed along the coastal areas
• Monitoring of algal blooms, chlorophyll and sea surface temperature.

• Changes in shoreline and Management [11].

• Suitability analyses for Aquaculture, fish farming, breeding and Biodiversity

• Tracking the line of moving way of organisms
• Spatial distribution of Pollutants & highlighting the area’s most vulnerable to pollution [12].

• Change in areas of Lakes (there are two new searches about change of areas in Manzala and Burullus Lake, Egypt). The water body area of Manzala Lake decreased from 53% to 46% in the year 1992 to 2019, respectively [13]. Also the percent of chlorophyll changed in the trend from 2000 to 2018 based on the extracted Chlorophyll maps according to band values being used in the equation of Brivio et al. [14] and [15].

• Climatology and weather

• Islets and vegetative areas for keep the coastal areas landscape Where, in Health and Human Services alone GIS has a wide range of applications
• GIS provides a common analytical framework in which public health authorities can understand problems and formulate a response, improving incident management and health planning.

• GIS is becoming a vital tool for scientists and public health officials investigating the cause and spread of deadly diseases around the world.

• Outbreaks of infectious diseases such as SARS and Corona can be quickly analyzed using GIS tools
• In tracking the areas most vulnerable to diseases in human, veterinary and plant disease mapping and forecasting.

Considerations

• Consideration of RS & GIS results can solve many environmental problems
• Mapping play role in the development direction line of lakes
• Using new technologies in different authorities to be used in broad scope (environment, engineering, agriculture, fisheries, oceanography, infectious diseases …etc)
• Support farmers to take preventive measures, but also would help policy makers to take contingent plans to prevent a huge economic loss due to fish mortality.

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