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Nursing & Healthcare International Journal Research Article 14 min read

A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice Regarding Child Rearing Practice among Working and Non- Working Mothers of 1 to 3 Years of Children at Selected Urban Communities of Raipur

Jayanthi J* and Shaji L*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2575-9981  10.23880/nhij-16000256  Received: November 29, 2021  Published: January 07, 2022
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Keywords
Knowledge and Practice Child rearing practices (CRP) Working and non-working
Abstract

Introduction: As we all know that a child is the future of one’s nation. A child’s mind is just like a mud. He/she can be shaped in any way whatever the parents/caretakers want, like a potter makes a pot in different shapes using mud. So many differences among Indians. It is impossible to describe a defined set of customs and beliefs about the child rearing practices such as socioeconomic status, education, as individual experiences vary from family to family Aims: The aim of the study was to assess and compare the knowledge and practice on child rearing practices among working and non-working mothers by self- Structured Questionnaire in selected community areas. Materials and Methods: An extensive review of literature was undertaken. Quantitative non-experimental cross sectional comparative research approach is used. The sample size consisted of 100 mothers (50 working and 50 non-working mothers) selected from the urban community areas of Mowa Raipur by using purposive sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-Structured Questionnaire and the Tool was organized in three parts. (Demographic variables, Knowledge and Practice questions on child rearing practices). The average time given for completion of the questions was 45 minutes in each mother. Results: The data was analyzed using the descriptive and inferential statistics where the result shows that the assessment of knowledge in working mothers 66% & In nonworking mothers 74% had average knowledge, In working 32% & In nonworking mothers had 24% good knowledge, In working & non-working mothers both 2% had of excellent knowledge .The mean of knowledge among working mothers was 20.32 and mean % was 50.8%. And Mean of knowledge among non-working mothers was 19.62 and mean %was 49.05% Mean for overall of knowledge among working and non-working mothers was 19.97 and mean percent was 49.93%. The result shows that the assessment of practice in working mothers 72% & In nonworking mothers 82% had average practice, In working 18% & In non-working mothers had 14% good practice, Correlation is computed by Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation (r = -0.66), there is moderately positive correlation between knowledge and practice, it shows that when knowledge increases, practice will also increases. Association is computed by applying ‘chi square Conclusion: The findings of the study concluded that non-working mothers had more (average) knowledge and practice than working mothers regarding child rearing practices.

Introduction

As we all know that a child is the future of one’s nation. A child’s mind is just like a mud. He/she can be shaped in any way whatever the parents/caretakers want, like a potter makes a pot in different shapes using mud. So many differences among Indians. It is impossible to describe a defined set of customs and beliefs about the child rearing practices such as socio- economic status, education, as individual experiences vary from family to family [1]. Child rearing or Parenting is the process of promoting and supporting the physical, emotional, social, financial, and intellectual development of a child from infancy to adulthood. Parenting refers to the aspects of raising a child aside from the biological relationship. Child rearing (CR) refers to bringing-up of children by parents or parent substitutes. It consists of practices that are grounded in cultural patterns and beliefs. The good mothers’ practices provide clear limits for her child with their relationship and learning of their children [2].

In Chhattisgarh State the female are 12,712,303 and in Raipur female population are 491822. In India every 1 out of 2 worker is women. According to 2002 census, 55 percent of women are working mothers, 63 percent of working mothers are educated. More than 687,000 care centers have been established in 2002 to support working mom. 69,000 centers are employing close to 750,000 women workers and 618,000 self-employed persons (Population/india-current-population.com) [3]. In Indian culture, women played traditional role of housewife and full time caretaker of the children. But in recent years, our social pattern and the status of women has undergone a remarkable metamorphosis. Rising literacy rate of women, rapid urbanization and industrializations, severe economic constraints and increasing awareness of rights and liberties through various social activities directed at the welfare of women have led to this.

Dr. Nitin Joseph, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, India. One hundred and fifty-seven thousand (approximately 19 percent) were children under the age of 12 years are rearing without mothers presence. This pattern clearly indicates the importance for pursuing information that will assist mothers in their assimilation into their society [4]. The development of children is multi- determined and is affected by their health and nutritional status, their genetic potential as well the quality of their home environment. In poorly educated and traditional populations, parents tend to provide unstimulating environments. They fail to appreciate the importance of playing and chatting with young children. They may be unaware of age appropriate activities to do with their children. Many parents inhibit exploration and use punitive discipline. Importance of learning child rearing practices are:- *To learn what to expect from a particular child at a particular age *To assess normal growth and development of children *To detect deviations from normal growth and development and to understand the reasons of particular illness *To ascertain the need of child according to the level of growth and development.

Emphasis is generally placed on obedience, respect for elders and religious observance. However, now that schooling is available to more children, parents want their children to do well in school but have little idea of how to prepare them for school. The development of most children living in poverty usually begins to decline from around 12 months of age and continues for several years. Where several risk factors are present the effects may be cumulative [5]. The first 3 years of life are critical and poor development at this age is likely to have long-term effects

Objectives of the Study

• To assess the knowledge and practice of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice.

• To find out correlation between knowledge and practice among working and non- working mothers regarding Child rearing practice.

• To find out the association between level of knowledge and selected socio demographic variables regarding child rearing practice among working mothers and non- working mothers.

Research Hypothesis

H1: There will be significant correlation between knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices among working and nonworking mothers.

H2: There will be significant association between knowledge and selected socio demographic variables of working and nonworking mothers.

Methodology

Research methodology is concerned with problem solving, problem statement, historical research and evaluation of research [6]. It includes the collection, assembling and examination of available data, making assumption about the data, testing the assumptions and developing practical applications from the laws of principles that have been derived from the verification of the assumption

Research Approach and Design

Quantitative non experimental comparative research approach with descriptive design is used for the present study as the investigator intended to assess the level of knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices on working and non-working mothers [7]. The purpose of the study was to compare the of knowledge and practice used by working and non-working mothers at selected urban community Raipur (C. G)

Sample

The sample of the population of the present study is (100)50 working and 50 non- working mothers of selected urban communities Raipur (C.G.).

Sampling Technique

A purposive sampling is adopted to select the subjects from the population of working and non-working mothers at selected urban communities Raipur (C. G).

Sample Size

Sample size is the number of elements of the population to be sampled. The sample size consists of total (100) 50 working & 50 nonworking mothers of 1 to 3 years of age children who are available in selected urban communities Raipur (C.G.) [8].

Criteria for Sample Selection

Inclusion criteria:-

  • All mothers of 1 to 3 years of child in selected urban area of Mowa Raipur
  • Mothers of normal children.
  • Mothers those who are willing to participate in this study Exclusion criteria-
  • Mothers of child with any abnormalities
  • Mothers those who are not willing to participate in this study.

Description of the Tools

SECTION-I: This section consists of 08 items for obtaining information regarding like Age of the client ( in year), religion, educational status, type of family, no. of children, age of the last child, monthly family income (in rupees), and sources of information [9, 10, 11, 12].

Section II- This section divided in to two part:- Part I – To assess the knowledge of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice by using frequency & percentage.

Part II – To assess the practice of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice by using frequency & percentage Section III- Correlation between knowledge and practice among working and nonworking mothers regarding Child rearing practice.

Section IV- Association between level of knowledge score and selected socio demographic variables.

SECTION- I Findings Related To Distribution of Subjects According To Socio Demographic Profile N=100

S. NOSOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLEWORKING MOTHERSNON-WORKING MOTHERS
Frequencypercentage %Frequencypercentage %
1Age in years
a. 19-25918%1428%
b. 26-301734%918%
c. 31-351122%1632%
d. >351326%1122%
2Religion
a. Hindu3774%4896%
b. Muslim00%24%
c. Christian1326%00%
d. Other00%00%
3Educational status
a. Non literate00%00%
b Primary24%610%
c. Middle school48%714%
d. Higher secondary24%1428%
e. Graduates& above graduates4284%2346%
4Type of family
a. Nuclear family2652%1326%
b. Joint family2448%3366%
c. Extended family00%40%
5No. of children
a. 1-child2448%1836%
b. 2-children2244%2550%
c. 3 & more48%714%
6Age of the last child
a. 0-1 year1632%1632%
b.>1-3 years3468%3468%
7Monthly family income
a. Above-500000%36%
b. 5001-100011122%816%
c. 10,001- 15000714%1020%
d. More than 150003264%2958%
8Sources of information
a. Mass media816%1020%
b. Neighbour & friend24%1020%
c. Family members1020%1836%
d. Health professional2448%1122%
e. other612%12%

Table 1: Frequency Distribution.

This Table 1 reveals section describes the demographic characteristics of the mothers. The sample characteristics included in the study for the purpose of obtaining the descriptive back ground of the mothers were Age, Religion, educational status, type of family, No. of children, Age of the SECTION II Part I- To assess the knowledge of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice N=100 last child, monthly family income, and sources of information.

S. No.Scoring
Criteria		Working mothersNon-working mothers
FrequencyPercentage %MeanMean%FrequencyPercentage %MeanMean %
1Poor0020.3250.80%0019.6249%
2Average33663764
3Good16321224
4Excellent1212

Table 2: Knowledge of Working and nonworking mothers.

Table 2 Depicts that in working mothers 66% & In non- working mothers 64% had average knowledge, In working 32% & In non-working mothers had 24% good knowledge, In working & non-working mothers both 2% had of excellent knowledge & .None of them had poor knowledge regarding child practice.

Hence it is calculated that-working mothers had more (average) knowledge than non-working mothers.

Part II – To assess the practice of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice by using frequency & percentage.

N=100

S. No.Scoring
Criteria		Working mothersNon-working mothers
FrequencyPercentage%MeanMean%FrequencyPercentageMeanMean %
1Poor51018.7646.90%0019.3248.30%
2Average36724182
3Good918714
4Excellent0024

Table 3: Frequency distribution of subject according to practice among working and non-Working mothers Table 3 Depicts that in wo

Table 3: Frequency distribution of subject according to practice among working and non-Working mothers Table 3 Depicts that in working mothers 72% & In non- working mothers 82% had average practice, In working 18% & In non-working mothers had 14% had good practice, In working none of had excellent practice but non-working mothers 4% had of excellent practice & in working mothers 10% had poor practice but none of them had poor practice in non-working mothers regarding child practice.

Hence it is calculated that- non-working mothers had more average practice than working mothers.

SECTION III To find out correlation between knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices among working and non- working mothers at selected urban communities in Mowa Raipur, Correlation between knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices among working and non- working mothers is computed by Karl Pearson correlation coefficient formula. AS, the calculated value is 0.66 so it shows positive correlation between knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices among working and non- working mothers.

(N=100)

VARIABLESMeanMean %SDCorrelation ”r”
Knowledge19.9749.93%4.33
Practice19.0447.60%4.320.66

Table 4: Coefficient of correlation between knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices Table 4 depicts correlation

Table 4: Coefficient of correlation between knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices Table 4 depicts correlation between knowledge and practice regarding child rearing practices among working and non-working mothers. In this figure mean percentage for knowledge is 49.93% and mean percentage for practice is 47.60% Hypothesis- as there is (+ve) positive co relation between knowledge and practice among working and non-working mothers regarding child rearing practices. So, first research hypothesis is accepted and null hypothesis is rejected.

SECTION IV • To Find Out the Association between Knowledge and Selected Socio Demographic Variables According to Suresh k. Sharma, chi- square test is non- parametric test used to find out the association between level of knowledge and socio demographic variable, it is represented by a symbol (χ2) and used to find association between two discrete attributes. In this section chi square analysis is done to find the association between the levels of knowledge with the socio demographic variables represented in table.

S.NoSocio demographic
variable		ExcellentGoodAveragePoorDfX2Table
value		Significance
1Age
19-25127064.0112.59Not significant
26-3004120
31-350470
More than 350670
2Religion
Hindu11125020.635.99Not significant
Muslim0000
Christian0580
Others0000
3Educational status
Non literate000061.8812.59Not significant
Primary0110
Middle0220
Higher secondary0020
Graduate/above213270
graduate
4Type of family
Nuclear1817020.955.99
Joint08160
Extended0000
5No. of children
1- child0816047.569.49Not significant
2- child15160
3 & more child1210
6Age of the last child
0-1 year079021.825.99Not Significant
>1-3 years19240
7Family’s monthly income
<5000000044.679.49Not Significant
5001-100001280
10001-150000340
More than 15000011210
8Source of information
Mass media1430812.8615.51Not Significant
Neighbour0200
Family members0280
Health07170
professionals
Others0150

Table 5: Association between knowledge and selected socio demographic variables of working mothers were computed by using chi squ

Table 5, depicts association of knowledge of working mothers with selected socio demographic variables age, religion, educational status, type of family ,no. of children ,age of last child,, monthly family income, sources of information. Association is computed by applying ‘chi square test’.

The demographic variable like age (χ2=4.04), religion (χ2=0.63), educational status (χ2=1.88), type of family (χ2=0.95), no. of children (χ2=7.56), age of the last child (χ2=1.82), monthly income of family (χ2=4.67), and source of information (χ2=12.86) which are not significant at 0.05 level of significance.

  • 1
  • Age
  • 19-25
  • 0
  • 2
  • 12
  • 0
  • 6
  • 7.9
  • 12.59
  • Not Significant
  • 26-30
  • 0
  • 4
  • 5
  • 0
  • 31-35
  • 0
  • 5
  • 11
  • 0
  • More than 35
  • 1
  • 1
  • 9
  • 0
  • Religion
  • Hindu
  • 2
  • 10
  • 36
  • 0
  • 2
  • 2
  • 1
  • 5.99
  • Not Significant
  • Muslim
  • 0
  • 1
  • 1
  • 0
  • Christian
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • Others
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • Educational status
  • Non literate
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • 0
  • Primary
  • 0
  • 0
  • 6
  • 0
  • Middle
  • 0
  • 1
  • 6
  • 0
  • Higher secondary
  • 1
  • 5
  • 8
  • 0
  • Graduate/above graduate
  • 2
  • 4
  • 17
  • 0
  • 3
  • 6
  • 5.4
  • 12.59
  • Not Significant
  • Type of family
  • Nuclear
  • 1
  • 4
  • 8
  • 0
  • 4
  • 4.7
  • 9.49
  • Not Significant
  • Joint
  • 0
  • 8
  • 25
  • 0
  • Extended
  • 0
  • 0
  • 4
  • 0
  • 4
  • No. of children
  • 1- child
  • 0
  • 4
  • 14
  • 0
  • 4
  • 4.4
  • 9.49
  • Not Significant
  • 2- child
  • 1
  • 8
  • 16
  • 0
  • 3 & more child
  • 0
  • 0
  • 7
  • 0
  • 6
  • Age of the last child
  • 0-1 year
  • 1
  • 4
  • 11
  • 0
  • 2
  • 2.2
  • 5.99
  • Not Significant
  • >1-3 years
  • 0
  • 8
  • 26
  • 0
  • 7
  • Family’s monthly income
  • <5000
  • 0
  • 0
  • 3
  • 0
  • 5
  • 6
  • 5.9
  • 12.59
  • Not Significant
  • 5001-10000
  • 0
  • 0
  • 8
  • 0
  • 10001-15000
  • 0
  • 4
  • 6
  • 0
  • More than 15000
  • 1
  • 7
  • 21
  • 0
  • Source of information
  • Mass media
  • 1
  • 2
  • 7
  • 0
  • 8
  • 9.5
  • 15.51
  • Not Significant
  • Neighbour
  • 0
  • 2
  • 8
  • 0
  • Family members
  • 0
  • 6
  • 12
  • 0
  • Health professionals
  • 0
  • 1
  • 10
  • 0
  • Others
  • 0
  • 1
  • 0
  • 0
  • 8

Table 6: Association between knowledge and selected socio demographic variables of Non-working mothers were computed by

Table 6, depicts association of knowledge of Non- working mothers with selected socio demographic variables age, religion, educational status, type of family, no. of children, age of last child, monthly family income, sources of information. Association is computed by applying ‘chi square test’ the demographic variable like age (χ2=7.85), religion (χ2=0.0.98), educational status (χ2=1.5.42), type of family (χ2=4.70), no. of children (χ2=4.38), age of the last child (χ2=2.22), monthly income of family (χ2=5.89), and source of information (χ2=9.57) which are not significant at 0.05 level of significance.

Hypothesis-As there is no significant association between knowledge score and socio demographic variable. So null hypothesis is accepted and research hypothesis is rejected.

Major Findings of the Study Includes

The data was collected and analyzed and interpreted in terms of objectives. Descriptive and inferential statistics were utilized for analysis of the data. The level of significance set for testing the hypothesis was 0.05 using chi-square tests [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18]. The major findings of the study have been organized and presented under the following sections: 65 Section I- Description of sample characteristic of subjects according to socio demographic variable. Section II- This section divided in to two part:- Part I – To assess the knowledge of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice by using frequency & percentage. Part II – To assess the practice of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice by using frequency & percentage. Section III- Correlation between knowledge and practice among working and nonworking mothers regarding Child rearing practice. Section IV- Association between level of knowledge and selected socio demographic variables. Part I-Findings related to working mothers. Part II-Findings related to non-working mother.

Section I Findings related to Description of sample characteristic of subjects according to socio demographic variable.

  • Maximum of working mothers (34%) were in age group of 26-30 years and nonworking mothers (32%) were in age group of 31-35 years.
  • Majority of working mothers (74%) and non-working (96%) were belongs to religion of Hindu.
  • Most of working mothers (84%) and non-working (46%) were educated graduates and more.
  • Majority of working mothers (52%) were from nuclear family and non-working mothers (66%) were joint family.
  • Maximum of working mothers (48%) were having one child and (50%) were had two children.
  • Most of working and non-working mothers (68%) belongs to age of the last child>1-3 years of age.
  • Maximum of working and non-working mothers both (64%) and (58%) were from family monthly income more than 15000 Rs.
  • Majority of working mothers (48%) were sources of information by health personal, and non-working mothers (36%) by family members 66.

Main Analysis is Done According to the Stated Objectives

Section II-The first objective was to assess the knowledge and practice of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice. This section divided in to two part:- Part I To assess the knowledge of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice by using frequency & percentage: Overall knowledge: 66% of working mothers and 74% of non-working mothers had average Knowledge. 32% of working mothers and 24% of non-working mothers had good knowledge and only (2%) working and non-working both mothers had excellent knowledge and none of them had poor knowledge regarding child rearing practices [19, 20, 21, 22]. Mean score for Knowledge of working mothers is 20.32 and for non-working mothers is 19.62, thus maximum of non- working mothers had more Knowledge.

Part II To assess the practice of working and nonworking mothers regarding child rearing practice by using frequency & percentage:

Overall practice: Majority of the working mothers (72%) and non-working mothers (82%) had average practice 18% of working mothers and 14% of non-working mothers had good practice and in non-working mothers% had excellent practices remaining 10% of working had poor practice regarding child rearing practices. Mean score for practice of working mothers is 18.76 and for non-working mothers is 19.32, thus maximum of nonworking mothers had more practice.

Section III The third objective was to find out the Correlation between knowledge and practice among working and non- working mothers regarding Child rearing practice 67.

Findings reveals that overall mean of knowledge was 19.97 and practice mean was 19.04 .Correlation is computed by Karl Pearson coefficient of correlation (r =0.66) [23, 24, 25], there is moderate positive correlation between knowledge and practice, in actual meaning when knowledge will increase practice also will be increases.

Section IV The fourth objective was to find out the association between level of knowledge and selected socio demographic variables.

Part I- Findings related to working mothers Association of knowledge of working mothers with selected socio demographic variables. The finding reveals that-The demographic variable like age (χ2=4.04), religion (χ2=0.63), educational status (χ2=1.88), type of family (χ2=0.95), no. of children (χ2=7.56), age of the last child (χ2=1.82), monthly income of family (χ2=4.67), and source of information (χ2=12.86) which are not significant at 0.05 level of significance.

Part II- Findings related to non-working mother Association of knowledge of non-working mothers with selected socio demographic variables. The finding reveals that-The demographic variable like age (χ2=7.85), religion (χ2=0.0.98), educational status (χ2=1.5.42), type of family (χ2=4.70), no. of children (χ2=4.38), age of the last child (χ2=2.22), monthly income of family (χ2=5.89), and source of information (χ2=9.57) which are not significant at 0.05 level of significance.

Conclusion

After the detailed analysis, this study reveals or concluded that: Non-working mothers had more knowledge and more practice than working mothers regarding child rearing practices, and it is positive co-relation when knowledge will increase practice will be increases.

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@article{jayanthi2022,
  title   = {A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice
Regarding Child Rearing Practice among Working and Non-
Working Mothers of 1 to 3 Years of Children at Selected Urban
Communities of Raipur},
  author  = {Jayanthi J* and Shaji L},
  journal = {Nursing & Healthcare International Journal},
  year    = {2022},
  volume  = {6},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/nhij-16000256}
}
Jayanthi J* and Shaji L (2022). A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice
Regarding Child Rearing Practice among Working and Non-
Working Mothers of 1 to 3 Years of Children at Selected Urban
Communities of Raipur. Nursing & Healthcare International Journal, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/nhij-16000256
TY  - JOUR
TI  - A Comparative Study to Assess the Knowledge and Practice
Regarding Child Rearing Practice among Working and Non-
Working Mothers of 1 to 3 Years of Children at Selected Urban
Communities of Raipur
AU  - Jayanthi J* and Shaji L
JO  - Nursing & Healthcare International Journal
PY  - 2022
VL  - 6
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/nhij-16000256
ER  -