GC-MS Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from the
Whole Plants Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Talinum
fruticosum(Water Leaf)

Benedict Ojoago A

doi:10.23880/ijbp-16000264

International Journal of Biochemistry & Physiology Research Article 8 min read

GC-MS Characterization of Bioactive Compounds from the Whole Plants Analysis of Ethyl Acetate Fractions of Talinum fruticosum(Water Leaf)

Benedict Ojoago A^*

^* Corresponding author

ISSN: 2577-4360 10.23880/ijbp-16000264 Received: December 17, 2024 Published: January 15, 2025

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Keywords

GC-MS Analysis Bioactive Compounds Tallinum fruticosum Wholeplant

Abstract

Plants have played an important role in the fight for survival from man s evolution. Plants aren’t just the principal food source for all animals and even humans, but there are a lot of plant species that have been shown to be very valuable medicinal products over time. Medicinal plants are used to treat and diagnose and infections from ancients times, plants have been rich source of effective and safe medicines.While Ethiopia has a long history of a traditional health care system, research on traditional medicinal plants (TMP) has lagged behind the country's multiethnic, cultural, and flora diversity (Fenta-country's multiethnic, cultural, and flora diversity). Nevertheless, medicinal plants continue to play significant roles in the daily lives of people living in developing countries in Asia and Africa, including Ethiopia.cines . According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), between 75 and 80 percent of the world's population already uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary healthcare . Plants with a long history of usage in ethnomedicine offer a valuable source of medicines for the treatment of many illnesses and infectious diseases in pharmaceutical conditions. Most herbal medicines and their derivative products were often prepared from crude plant extracts, which comprise a complex mixture of different phytochemical constituents (plant secondary metabolites). The aim of the research was to characterized the bioactive compounds of ethyl acetate fraction using gas-chromatography mass spectrophotometer.The resultant fraction was analyzed using GC-MS. Fatty acids, sterols, and terpenoids were among the bioactive substances found in the sample, according to the analysis. Different chemicals were indicated by the unique peaks in the GC-MS chromatogram. Hexadecanoic acid (palmitic acid), phytol, 2-decanol, 2-methyl-3-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-2-(4-methyl-pent-3-enyl), cyclotrisiloxanehexamethyl, pentanedioic acid, 2-oxo-, and dimethyl ester are among the main chemicals found. Numerous pharmacological characteristics, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial effects, have been documented for these substances. To assess the distinct biological activity and possible therapeutic uses of the purified compounds, in vitro and in vivo investigations had to be conducted. Talinum fruticosum (water leaf) are used for the treatments of various ailments in folklore medicine, Waterleaf also holds medicinal significance. It is believed to possess various health benefits, including anti-inflammatory, diuretic, and antioxidant properties. Traditional medicine practitioners often use water leaf to treat ailments such as gastrointestinal disorders, malaria, and high blood pressure. and high blood pressure. Bioactive compounds, which are bioactive compounds found in plants, have gained significant attention due to their potential health benefits and therapeutic properties. These compounds include alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolic compounds, among others . The extraction of these bioactive compounds is crucial for their characterization and subsequent application in various industries, including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and cosmetics.

Benedict Ojoago A* and Victor Sheneni D

Introduction

Plants have played an important role in the fight for survival from man’s evolution. Plants aren’t just the principal food source for all animals and even humans, but there are a lot of plant species that have been shown to be very valuable medicinal products over time. medicinal plants are used to treat and diagnose and infections from ancients times, plants have been rich source of effective and safe medicines. According to estimates from the World Health Organization (WHO), between 75 and 80 percent of the world’s population already uses herbal medicine for some aspect of primary. Plants with a long history of usage in ethnomedicine offer a valuable source of medicines for the treatment of many illnesses and infectious diseases in pharmaceutical conditions. Free radicals play a crucial role in the development of pathological events. Antioxidants are chemical compounds which have the ability to quench the free radicals and thereby it prevents the human body against various diseases. Studies have demonstrated that Tallinum fruticosum exhibits significant antioxidant properties, primarily due to its flavonoid and tannin content, which help in neutralizing free radicals and reducing oxidative stress, a factor implicated in chronic diseases like cancer and cardiovascular disorder [1, 2, 3]. Water leaf (Talinum fruticosum) is a widely consumed leafy vegetable in many parts of the world, known for its nutritional and medicinal values. It is rich in vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compound that contribute to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties [4]. Medicinal plants still play important roles in the daily lives of people living in developing countries of Asia and Africa, including Ethiopia, Ethiopia has a long history of a traditional health care system, but studies on traditional medicinal plants (TMP) have been limited in comparison to the country’s multiethnic, cultural, and ﬂora diversity (Fenta- country’s multiethnic, cultural, and ﬂora diversity country’s multiethnic, cultural, and ﬂora diversity [2].

Figure 1: Tallinum futicosum (Bioltif and Edward 2020).

The first practical GC-MS demonstration was carried out in the 1950s by scientists Fred McLafferty and Roland Gohlke of the Dow Chemical Company. The beginnings of GC- MS may be traced back to the mid-20th century. The ability of mass spectrometry to identify individual components and the ability of gas chromatography to separate mixtures were combined to create a revolutionary analytical tool that has since become indispensable in a variety of fields, including pharmaceuticals, environmental monitoring, and forensic science. The evolution of GC technology has led to the development of various types of detectors, including thermal conductivity detectors (TCD), flame ionization detectors (FID), and mass spectrometers (MS). Among these, MS is recognized for its ability to identify and quantify compounds with high sensitivity, making it an ideal complement to GC.

Ethyl acetate S/N	Name of compound	R/T	Peck Area	MW	Class of compound	Chemical formula
1	Hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester	14	301075.95	270	Fatty acid methyl ester	C17H34O2
2	Phytol	12	210175.57	296	Diterpenealcohol	C20H40O
3	2-Decanol	10	168771.87	158	Long chain fatty acid	C10H22O
4	Unidentified	10	154385.53	158	Long chain fatty acid	C10H22O
5	2-Methyl-3-(3-methyl-but-2-enyl)-2-(4- methyl-pent-3-enyl)-oxetane	13	222.19837	222	terpenes or terpenoids	C15H26O
6	Cyclotrisiloxane, hexamethyl	13	222.19837	222	Terpenoids	C6H18O3Si3
7	Dibutyl phthalate	14	132021.85	278	Benzoic acid ester	C16H22O4
8	Phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-	9.4	121243.18	206	alkane	C14H22O
8	Pentanoic acid, 5-hydroxy-, 2,4-di-t- butylphenyl esters	9.4	121243.18	306		C19H30O3
9	Pentanedioic acid, 2-oxo-, dimethyl ester	3.7	118545.35	174		C7H10O5
	Mono-Ethyl malonate			132		C5H8O4
	Butanedioic acid, dimethyl ester			146		C6H10O4
10peck 33	Benzenepropanoic acid, 3,5-bis(1,1- dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxy-, methyl ester	14	84725.17	292		C18H28O3
11 peck 28	Ethanethioic acid, S-(4-methylphenyl) ester	13	87808.96	166		C9H10OS
11 peck 28	Benzenemethanol, 3-hydroxy-	13	87808.96	124		C7H8O2

Table 1: Ability to identify and quantify compounds with high sensitivity, making it an ideal complement to GC.

5 x10 + TIC Scan Victor Ethyl A Fraction1.d

20 42 36 Figure 2: Chromatograph of all the identifield compounds from gas chromatography mass spectrometer.

Material and Method

Collection and Identification of Plant Materials The Tallinum fruticosum plants were harvested from its natural habitat at the Department of biological sciences garden

Federal university lokoja, Nigeria in month of May 2024 and authenticated based on morphological characteristics by the Herbarium taxonomist of the Department of Botany, Federal University Lokoja, Kogi, where a voucher species number of FULH0230 was deposited on it for references purposes.

Figure 2: Chromatograph of all the identifield compounds from gas chromatography mass spectrometer.

Sample Extraction

The powdered plant sample (650g) was weighed into a conical flask using an electronic weighing balance, measuring cylinder, 1300ml of 100%methanol was transferred into the conical flask and allowed to stand for 24 hours at ambient temperature with vigorous shaking at intervals. The methanol extract was then filtered first using cotton wool and then Whatman No. 1 filter paper. The methanol extract was concentrated at 30.50c to dryness using an electronic steam bath. The dried extract was then transferred and stored in a sterile container for further use.

GC-MS spectrometer analysis of Tallinum fruticosum

Depending on the kind of analytes and sample matrix, the sample can be prepared using extraction, derivatization, or other appropriate methods.

Injection: A split/splitless injector is usually used to introduce the prepared sample into the GC-MS system.

The sample is vaporized and then transported via a stationary phase-coated capillary column by an inert gas, like hydrogen or helium. According to Manji, et al. the compounds segregate according to their interactions with the stationary phase and boiling points.

Detection and identification: The separated chemicals are broken and ionized in the mass spectrometer’s ion source as they elute from the GC column. The mass-to-charge ratio of the ions is used by the mass analyzer, such as a quadrupole or time-of-flight (TOF), to separate them.

Data analysis: The acquired data is processed using specialized software, which compares the obtained mass spectra with ref.

erence libraries for compound. identification. Quantification is achieved by comparing the peak areas or heights with those of standard compounds [3].

Result and Discussion

Medicinal plants are the resources of new drugs. Many of the modern medicines are produced indirectly from the medicinal plants. They have contributed many various diseases and illness. The analysis and extraction of plant material play an important role in the development, modernization and quality control of herbal formulations. Studying of medicinal plants also facilitates to comprehend plant toxicity and also helps to protect human and animals from natural poisons. The GC-MS study of the ethyl fraction of Talinum fruticosum indicated the presence of various bioactive chemicals. Table 1 summarizes the principal compounds found, together with their retention periods, peak regions, molecular weight, class of compounds, chemical formular, name of compounds which show thatHexadecanoic acid, methyl ester, also known as palmitic acid methyl ester, is the most abundant compound in the ethyl fraction, accounting for 301075.95 of the peak area. This fatty acid methyl ester has been reported to possess various biological activities, including antibacterial, antioxidant, nematicidal, and insecticidal properties It has also shown potential in reducing cholesterol levels and exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, anticancer, and antiandrogenic activities. Phytol, a diterpene alcohol derived from chlorophyll, is the second most abundant compound, making up 210175.57of the peak area. It is commonly used as a precursor for the synthesis of vitamins E and K1Phytol has been reported to exhibit sedative, anxiolytic, and antischistosomal activities. Phenol, 2,5-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-, an alkane compound, accounts for 121243.18 of the peak area, it has applications in the production of antioxidants and fragrances [4]. Research has shown that DBP (Dibutyl phthalate) has significant activity against a variety of bacteria, including both Gram- positive and Gram-negative strains. For instance, was found to exhibit a zone of inhibition against strains of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus epidermidis [5]. This antibacterial activity may be attributed to the fact that DBP can disrupt bacterial cell membranes, though the precise mechanisms involved are still not entirely understood [6, 7].

Conclusion

The foundation of traditional medicine is made up of medicinal plants, which have been the focus of extensive pharmacological research in recent decades [8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. This is because medicinal plants are now recognized as potential sources of new compounds with therapeutic value as well as lead compounds for drug development. Thus, the identification of bioactive compound in Tallinum fruticosum was done by GC-MS analysis which shows the presence of 10compounds.Amongtheidentifiedcompounds, The ethyl acetate fraction of Talinum fruticosum was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which has yielded important insights into the phytochemical composition of this underappreciated green crop. The results highlight Talinum fruticosum’s potential as a source of bioactive chemicals with a range of health advantages.

The GC-MS analysis successfully identified a range of bioactive compounds. These compounds are known for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties, which contribute to the overall health benefits of the plant.

References

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