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International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology Research Article 5 min read

Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [4/4]

Moumaris M*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2639-216X  10.23880/izab-16000549  Received: January 02, 2024  Published: January 10, 2024
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Keywords
Borrelia Bacterium Spirochete Gram Negative Bacterium
Abstract

Diagnosing Lyme disease involves assessment of the patient’s symptoms and EM rash. When EM rash and recent tick exposure are evident, additional laboratory tests may not be required. However, in cases where there is no EM rash or a clear history of tick exposure, a Lyme disease diagnosis may involve blood antibody tests. Serological testing, such as ELISA and immunoblots, is a common approach, and ELISA is reliable when IgG levels are at or above 200 IU/ml.

Editorial

Diagnosing Lyme disease involves assessment of the patient’s symptoms and EM rash. When EM rash and recent tick exposure are evident, additional laboratory tests may not be required. However, in cases where there is no EM rash or a clear history of tick exposure, a Lyme disease diagnosis may involve blood antibody tests. Serological testing, such as ELISA and immunoblots, is a common approach, and ELISA is reliable when IgG levels are at or above 200 IU/ml. It’s important to note that a positive test result in such cases does not definitively confirm an active infection, and caution to prevent false positives. Early diagnosis ensures effective antibiotic treatment. Lyme disease diagnosis entails a two- stage blood test employing ELISA and Western blot methods, utilizing IgM and IgG antibodies at different infection stages and the potential reliance on the EM rash for early detection [1, 2, 3].

In adults with Lyme neuroborreliosis, it is concerning that fewer than half of early cases receive a definitive diagnosis. Common symptoms in these cases include cranial neuropathy and meningitis [4]. The diagnostic of neuroborreliosis outlines the presence of lymphocytic pleocytosis, elevated immune cell levels, and increased CSF protein in cerebrospinal fluid analysis [5, 6]. CSF analysis patients exhibit symptoms limited to the peripheral nervous system, such as facial palsy. Neurological complications include cranial neuritis, meningitis, and radiculoneuritis/ mononeuropathy multiplex. The CSF pleocytosis or specific intrathecal antibodies identify central nervous system infections [7].

Diagnostic of Lyme carditis uses electrocardiograms and echocardiography to identify cardiac issues and myocardial dysfunction [8, 9, 10]. Neuroimaging is instrumental in diagnosing neuroborreliosis caused by Borrelia infection. The effectiveness of MRI in detecting brain abnormalities in these cases is notable, as is the observation of positive responses to antibiotic treatment. PTLD is characterized by persistent symptoms, particularly cognitive issues, underscoring its impact on the brain. Utilizing neuroimaging provides valuable insights into the aspects of the recovery process in PTLD cases [11].

Figure 1: Lyme disease diagnosing.
Click to enlarge
Figure 1: Lyme disease diagnosing.

These editorials focus on the clinical, epidemiological, and diagnostic aspects of Borrelia, a pathogen transmitted by ticks. Achieving precise and swift diagnoses with heightened sensitivities remains a formidable challenge in infectious diseases, essential for promptly treating afflicted individuals [12, 13, 14]. In response to Borrelia burgdorferi infection, the immune system generates antibodies, triggering both humoral and cell-mediated immune reactions. The identification of the humoral immune response relies on detecting specific antibody reactions. Lyme disease diagnosis is still a substantial concern [15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25].

Acknowledgments

The author acknowledges Mrs. Norri Zahra and Mr. Regragui Moumaris.

References

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@article{moumaris2024,
  title   = {Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [4/4]},
  author  = {Moumaris M},
  journal = {International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology},
  year    = {2024},
  volume  = {7},
  number  = {1},
  doi     = {10.23880/izab-16000549}
}
Moumaris M (2024). Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [4/4]. International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000549
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [4/4]
AU  - Moumaris M
JO  - International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology
PY  - 2024
VL  - 7
IS  - 1
DO  - 10.23880/izab-16000549
ER  -