Comparison on the Performance of Moringa and Neem Root
Extracts on Crude Oil Degradation in Soils Environment

Ukpaka CP

doi:10.23880/ppej-16000229

Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal Research Article 13 min read

Comparison on the Performance of Moringa and Neem Root Extracts on Crude Oil Degradation in Soils Environment

Ukpaka CP^*

^* Corresponding author

ISSN: 2578-4846 10.23880/ppej-16000229 Received: June 29, 2020 Published: July 13, 2020

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25 references

8 figures

9 tables

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Keywords

Comparison Performance Moringa Neem Roots extract Crude oil Soil environment

Abstract

Degradation of Crude oil in different soils environment was monitored using two different species of plant extract namely moringa and Neem roots. Four different types of soil was investigation namely loamy, sandy, clay and silt soil all obtained from Niger Delta area of Nigeria as well as the Moringa and Neem roots including the alcohol and water media with the aims to extract the useful nutrient that can enhance microbial activities on crude oil degradation. The mass of 500g and 600g of the moringa and Neem roots fermented extracts were introduced into the various polluted soil types investigated and the result obtained show increase in degradation of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) with increase in time in all the soil types. Degradation of the TPH was more rapid in sandy soil environment and less in silt soil environment in moringa in water and alcohol as well as in Neem in alcohol and water media. The research work also revealed that degradation was faster in moringa in water than all others, showing the acceptability of moringa root as a major radiant for crude oil polluted environment. The aim of this research work is to examine the effectiveness of fermented moringa and Neem roots extract for remediation of crude oil polluted soils of different environment.

Introduction

The usefulness of moringa and Neem roots extract in bioremediation of crude oil in soil environment has been studied by Ukpaka, [1]. The result obtained in the study reveals that both Moringa roots and Neem root extract are found useful in remediation of crude oil polluted soil environment, due to the present of nutrients that are utilizers by microbes present in the root extracts as well as the soil component and crude oil.

Research conducted by various groups on bioremediation of crude oil using plant extract has been reported and the usefulness of a polluted site well documented [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. In bioremediation programme the first step is to determine the site and the extent of pollution. This is followed by site characterization and the site characterization is scientific intensive and a proper research work is required for a good design [6, 7, 8]. Investigation carried out reveals that for a good bioremediation programme to be achieved it requires a good engineering design which includes site inspection, bioremediation option, design concept, pilot plant, final design and site characterization [9, 10, 11, 12]. The action of microbes in bioremediation programme are quite similar in behavior if the environmental favours their actions but in most cases, when the environmental factors is a contributing factors, the action of the microbes may defer because they found themselves in an unfavorable environment which influence their active site and several research conducted on various literature on plant materials for crude oil remediation in both soil and water environment were obtained as shown in the reference [13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20]. In most cases, the nutrient to feed on is available but the active site of the microbes is totally inhibited [21, 22, 23, 24, 25].

The aim of this research work is to examine the most effective roots extract based to give the optimum remediation process. The results obtained in this study reveal the significance of moringa and Neem root extract in alcohol and water base solvent in enhancing bioremediation of crude oil pollution soil types of Niger Delta area of Nigeria.

Material and Methods

Materials

The following materials were used in the course of the experiment: Crude oil, soils, plastic vessels (reactors), Moringa and Neem roots, digital weighing balance, stirrer, shovel, sieve, sack bags, measuring cylinders, beakers, conical flask, Kjeldahl flask, pipette, oven, crucible, desiccators, thermometer, pH meter, Gas Chromatography, distilled water, sodium hexa-phosphate(II) (NaPO3)2 andH2SO4.

Sample Collection

The soils used in this study include loamy, sandy, silt and clay soils. The soils were collected from Kpea Community, Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State. Kpea is one of the communities in Ogoni Ethnic Group in Rivers State. The soils were collected with aid of shovel and then, bagged in sack bags. Thereafter, they were transported to the Department of Chemical/Petrochemical Laboratory, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt for laboratory analysis. The Moring and Neem roots were collected from the same Wiiyaakara Community in the Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State. They were washed with distilled water to remove debris and then sundried before extraction. Water for extraction was collected from the Laboratory, while alcohol was obtained from local distillery in Bangha Community in Khana Local Government Area of Rivers State, with 97-98 % v/v. This concentration was determined in the laboratory.

Experimental Procedure

The roots of Moringa and Neem plants were separately soaked in water and alcohol for two weeks to effectively obtain extracts from the roots. The soil samples were weighed into 500g and 600g separately. Each of the soil: sandy, silt, loamy and clay soils were divided into four (4) samples. Two (2) of the samples weighing 500g were measured into vessels prepared to receive roots extract obtained with water and alcohol respectively. This was also done for the other two samples weighing 600g. Upon preparation of the soil samples, they were then contaminated with 50ml of crude oil and mixed properly with the aid of a stirrer, to ensure consistency of the concentration of crude oil in the soil. After stirring for about two minutes, the polluted soil samples were left undisturbed for three days. This was to allow stabilization or settlement of the soils [1]. At the third day, 100mg of the liquid extract obtained with alcohol and water as solvent, were weighed into the samples as designed. Similarly, each of the soils sample was prepared as above, but without the root extracts, which were used as control samples. Every seven (7) day, representative sample of each soil was collected for laboratory analysis to determine the physicochemical parameters, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) content and Total Bacteria count for 42 days (6 weeks).

Sample Test Analysis

Sample analysis of each soil was carried out in the laboratory, and the following parameters determined: pH, electrical conductivity, moisture content, total organic carbon, Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH) content and Total Bacteria Count (TBC). The soil textural class was also determined. Also, the physiochemical properties of Moringa and Neem roots were analyzed.

Results and Discussion

Analysis of Treatments and Soil Physicochemical Properties

The physicochemical properties of moringa-water, neem-alcohol, neem-water and neem-alcohol solutions were determined as compared to those of fresh alcohol and water. These are shown in Tables 1 & 2. Also, as a way of determining the extent of variability of soils due to the effect of crude oil pollutant and treatment application, the physicochemical properties before and after the pollution of the soils and also, after treatment application were determined.

Parameters	Fresh Alcohol	Moringa-Alcohol Extract	Neem-Alcohol Extract
Refractive Index	1.3493	1.3453	1.3463
Boiling Point (ºC)	79.2	83.9	86.5
Viscosity (cst)	3.2	2.46	2.3065
Density (g/cm3)	0.9343	0.9498	0.9466
Colour	Clourless	Clourless	Clourless
Parameters	Water	Moringa-Water Extract	Neem-Water Extract
pH	6.39	6.18	6.25
Chloride (mg/l)	43.7	64.85	83.51
Sulphate (mg/l)	6.26	20.63	20.8
Total hardness	28.17	49.14	47.3
Iron Content (mg/l)	0.03	0.281	0.269
Conductivity (µS/cm)	41.04	1.052	1.665
TDS (mg/l)	2.8	86.92	8.06
TSS (mg/l)	2.8	5.98	8.06
Nitrate (mg/l)	0.22	6.2	5.99
Calcium (mg/l)	39.88	18.27	15.36
Salinity (mg/l)	53.88	89.8	91.41
Temperature (ºC)	29.1	29.5	29.7
Density (g/cm3)	1.0007	1.0002	0.9974

Table 1: Physical Properties of Treatments Extract in Alcohol beforeApplication.

As shown in Table 1, the values of refractive index and colour of moringa-alcohol and neem-alcohol are negligible compared to the values for fresh alcohol. Nevertheless, after soaking moringa and neem roots in the fresh alcohol, the boiling point and density of the solutions were slightly increased, while viscosity is reduced below that of alcohol.

Table 2 showed there are changes in the properties of water after soaking moringa and neem roots into it. This implied that moringa and neem roots were responsible for the change in water property.

Parameters	Before Pollution	After Pollution
Density (g/cm3)	1.75	4.8
E.C (µS/cm)	10	15.6
pH	5.85	5.48
MC (%)	9	30.5
TOC (%)	2.64	4.77
TN (mg/kg)	2.27	6.46
TP (mg/kg)	1.14	4.68

Table 2: Physicochemical Properties of Loamy Soil beforeand after Pollution.

Parameters	Control	MW-500	NW-500	MA-500	NA-500	MW-600	NW-600	MA-600	NA-600
Density (g/cm3)	3.94	2.39	2.74	3.22	3.59	1.97	2.29	2.93	3.17
E.C (µS/cm)	14.2	13.53	13.73	13.67	13.85	11.72	12.01	13.6	13.82
pH	5.81	6.92	6.74	6.63	6.53	6.98	6.94	6.67	6.63
MC (%)	25.01	15.16	17.39	20.44	22.81	12.51	14.55	18.61	20.13
TOC (%)	3.72	2.37	2.61	2.9	2.95	1.96	2.28	2.72	2.82
TN (mg/kg)	3.36	1.85	2.07	2.39	2.89	1.36	1.79	2.26	2.71
TP (mg/kg)	2.43	1.34	1.5	1.73	2.1	0.98	1.3	1.64	1.97

Table 3: Physicochemical Properties of Loamy Soil after 84 Days Treatment.

Parameters	Before Pollution	After Pollution
Density (g/cm3)	9.84	13.52
E.C (µS/cm)	40	60
pH	5.64	5.34
MC (%)	8.5	30.5
TOC (%)	4.71	4.86
TN (mg/kg)	2.03	6.22
TP (mg/kg)	1.28	3.74

Table 4: Physicochemical Properties of Silt Soil beforeand after Pollution.

Parameters	Control	MW-500	NW-500	MA-500	NA-500	MW-600	NW-600	MA-600	NA-600
Density (g/cm3)	11.09	6.72	7.71	9.06	10.11	5.54	6.45	8.25	8.92
E.C (µS/cm)	54.6	52.02	52.8	52.56	53.28	45.06	46.2	52.32	53.16
pH	5.76	6.86	6.68	6.58	6.48	6.92	6.88	6.61	6.57
MC (%)	25.01	15.16	17.39	20.44	22.81	12.51	14.55	18.61	20.13
TOC (%)	3.79	2.42	2.66	2.95	3	1.99	2.32	2.78	2.88
TN (mg/kg)	3.23	1.79	1.99	2.3	2.79	1.31	1.72	2.18	2.61
TP (mg/kg)	1.94	1.07	1.2	1.38	1.68	0.79	1.04	1.31	1.57

Table 5: Physicochemical Properties of Silt Soil after 84 Days Treatment.

Parameters	Before Pollution	After Pollution
Density (g/cm3)	3.17	5.11
E.C (µS/cm)	20	29.12
pH	5.36	5.27
MC (%)	5	36.4
TOC (%)	4.065	4.665
TN (mg/kg)	3.88	7.86
TP (mg/kg)	2.47	5.68

Table 6: Physicochemical Properties of Clay Soil beforeand after Pollution.

Parameters	Control	MW-500	NW-500	MA-500	NA-500	MW-600	NW-600	MA-600	NA-600
Density (g/cm3)	4.19	2.54	2.91	3.42	3.82	2.1	2.44	3.12	3.37
E.C (µS/cm)	26.5	25.25	25.63	25.51	25.86	21.87	22.42	25.39	25.8
pH	5.75	6.85	6.68	6.57	6.47	6.91	6.88	6.6	6.56
MC (%)	29.85	18.09	20.75	24.39	27.23	14.92	17.36	22.2	24.02
TOC (%)	3.64	2.32	2.55	2.83	2.88	1.91	2.23	2.66	2.76
TN (mg/kg)	4.09	2.26	2.52	2.91	3.52	1.65	2.18	2.75	3.3
TP (mg/kg)	2.95	1.63	1.82	2.1	2.54	1.19	1.57	1.99	2.39

Table 7: Physicochemical Properties of Clay Soil after 84 Days Treatment.

Parameters	Before Pollution	After Pollution
Density (g/cm3)	0.43	1.06
E.C (µS/cm)	20	26.9
pH	5.93	5.5
MC (%)	2.3	42
TOC (%)	0.96	3.77
TN (mg/kg)	3.72	7.18
TP (mg/kg)	2.33	5.52

Table 8: Physicochemical Properties of Sandy Soil beforeand after Pollution.

Parameters	Control	MW-500	NW-500	MA-500	NA-500	MW-600	NW-600	MA-600	NA-600
Density (g/cm3)	0.87	0.53	0.6	0.71	0.79	0.43	0.51	0.65	0.7
E.C (µS/cm)	24.48	23.32	23.67	23.56	23.89	20.2	20.71	23.46	23.83
pH	5.83	6.95	6.77	6.66	6.56	7.01	6.97	6.69	6.65
MC (%)	34.44	20.87	23.94	28.14	31.42	17.22	20.03	25.62	27.72
TOC (%)	2.94	1.87	2.06	2.29	2.33	1.55	1.8	2.15	2.23
TN (mg/kg)	3.73	2.06	2.3	2.66	3.22	1.51	1.99	2.51	3.02
P (mg/kg)	2.87	1.58	1.77	2.04	2.47	1.16	1.53	1.93	2.32

Table 9: Physicochemical Properties of Sandy Soil after 84 Days Treatment.

Tables 3, 5, 7 and 9 shows the physicochemical properties of loamy,silt, clay, and sandy soilsbefore and after crude oil pollution, while Tables 4, 6. 8 and 10 show the physicochemical properties of loamy,silt, clay, andsandy after 84 days of treatment. The density, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content (MC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (P) in the soils were increased after crude oil was added, except forpH, which decreased slightly due to higher acid content in the pollutant than the soils. However, as shown in Tables 4, 6, 8 and 10, the density, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content (MC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (P) that was increased after the pollution of the soils, reduced appreciably after treated with moringer and neem extracted either by water or alcohol. The pH of the soils also increased from acidity to neutrality after the treatments.

Besides knowing which soil the treatments was most effective, it is also important to know which solution of moringa and neem roots extract performed better for the removal of TPH in the soils.

Figure 1: Comparison of Moringa and Neem with Water in Laomy Soil.

Figure 2: Comparison of Moringa and Neem with Water in Silt Soil.

Figure 3: Comparison of Moring and Neem with Water in Clay Soil.

Figure 4: Comparison of Moringa and Neem with Water in Sandy Soil.

Figure 5: Comparison of Moringa and Neem with Alcohol in Laomy Soil.

Figure 6: Comparison of Moringa and Neem with Alcohol in Silt Soil.

Figure 7: Comparison of Moringa and Neem with Alcohol in Clay Soil.

Figure 8: Comparison of Moringa and Neem with Alcohol in Sandy Soil.

Figures 1 to 4 show the comparison of percentage TPH degradation in loamy, silt, clay and sandy soils treated with moringa and neem in water solution. The percentage TPH degradation increased with time across the treatment formulation, but the rate of degradation differs for each treatment. Hence, the percentage TPH degradation inloamysoil are obtained as 91.85%, 94.69%, 81.75% and 89.84% for MW-500, MW-600, NW-500, andNW-600 respectivelyat the end of the 84th day.

For silt soil, as shown in Figure 2, the percentage TPH degradation increased with time across the treatment formulation. Hence, the percentage TPH degradation insilt soil are obtained as 89.61%, 91.90%, 75.07% and 78.07% for MW-500, MW-600, NW-500, andNW-600 respectively after 84 days.

Also,for clay soil as shown in Figure 3, the percentage TPH degradation increased with time across the treatments, though, the rate of degradation differs for each treatment. Thus, the percentage TPH degradation in clay soil are obtained as 89.88%, 91.19%, 81.18% and 84.11% for MW- 500, MW-600, NW-500, and NW-600 respectively after 84 days.

Similarly, for sandy soil as shown in Figure 4, the percentage TPH degradation increased with time across the treatments, though, the rate of degradation differs for each treatment. Thus, the percentage TPH degradation insandy soil are obtained as 94.04%, 96.14%, 91.83% and 93.46% for MW-500, MW-600, NW-500, and NW-600 respectively after 84 days.

Similarly, Figures 5 to 8 show the percentage TPH degradation in loamy, silt, clay and sandy soils treated with moringa and neem in alcohol solution. Again, as shown in Figure 5, the percentage TPH degradation increased with time across the treatments, though, the rate of degradation differs. Hence, the percentage TPH degradation inloamysoil are obtained as 86.63%, 88.60%, 69.88% and 69.03% for MA-500, MA-600, NA-500, and NA-600 respectivelyafter 84 days.

For silt soil, as shown in Figure 6, the percentage TPH degradation also increased with time across the treatment formulation. Thus, the percentage TPH degradation in silt soil is 85.44%, 87.96%, 69.94% and 72.34% for MA-500, MA-600, NA-500, and NA-600 respectively after 84 days.

Also,for clay soil as shown in Figure 7, the percentage TPH degradation increased with time across the treatments. Thus, the percentage TPH degradation in clay soil are obtained as 88.44%, 89.67%, 75.51% and 78.14% for MA- 500, MA-600, NA-500, and NA-600 respectively after 84 days.

Finally, for sandy soil as shown in Figure 8, the percentage TPH degradation increased with time across the treatments. Thus, the percentage TPH degradation in sandy soilare obtained as 92.32%, 93.20%, 89.37% and 90.65% for MA- 500, MA-600, NA-500, and NA-600 respectively after 84 days.

Conclusion

The following conclusion was drawn from this study such as:

The performance of moringa and neem roots soaked in water and alcohol for bioremediation of crude oil polluted soils has been studied in this work and the results obtained revealed that remediation was rapid in bioreactors containing fermented moringa roots extract in water followed by neem roots extract in water.
However, remediation of crude oil and the growth of bacteria were least in alcohol than in water extracts, which can be traced to the volatile nature of alcohol to the microorganisms.
There was significant evidence of changes in physicochemical properties of the soils used for this study under the influence of the formulated treatments. The density, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content (MC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (P) in the soils increased after polluting the soils, except for pH, which its case was the reverse. However, density, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content (MC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus (P)decreasedremarkably with timeunder treatment, while the pH of the soils increased from acidity to neutrality after the treatments.
The total bacteria count increases across the soils with treatments up to the 56th day of analysis, but declined gradually thereafter due to depletion of the nutrients in the soils. Sandy soil has the high growth of bacteria and least in silt soil for all the treatment formulations.
The degadation of TPH in the soils decreased across the soils, but higher in the soils with treatment. However, in each of the soil, the TPH removal was higher with treatment in water solution than in alcohol solution. Thus, the moringer and neem roots extracted in water performed better than in alcohol. Again, despite the high content of nutrient supplying agents recorded in clay soil, the best performance of the treatments was recorded in sandy soil.
Bioremediation of crude oil polluted soil can be effectively removed using several agro-based materials either as fine particles form or as originally obtained. This study has provided further knowledge on the applicability of agro materials like moringa and neem in different technique for bioremediation studies.
Thus, plant extract soaked in water or alcohol can be applied for effective treatment of soil polluted by crude oil.

Also, different weights of soil with constant amount of treatment can affect the performance of formulated moringa and neem treatment for the removal of TPH from soil.

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