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International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture Research Article 25 min read

Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives

Tiamiyu AM*, Olatoye IO and Adedeji OB
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2577-4050  10.23880/ijoac-16000167  Received: May 06, 2019  Published: June 10, 2019
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Keywords
Blood Parameters Clarias Gariepinus Chromolaena Odorata Dietary Inclusion Levels
Abstract

Haematological components of blood are valuable in monitoring feed toxicity in cultured fish. The haematological and serum protein of the African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) juvenile of both sex (n=84, mean weight 117.3 ± 1.57 g; mean length 26.70 ± 0.26 cm) fed with varying dietary inclusions level of Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed ) as feed additives for 42 days were determined. Four iso-nitrogenous (35% crude protein) and nearly iso-caloric aqua feed were formulated with the locally sourced feed ingredients with C. odorata leaf powder introduced into the diets at graduated levels of 0.0% (control), 0.5%, 1.0% and 3.0% respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected from three fish randomly selected from each replicate of the groups. Blood parameters such as red blood cell count (RBC), white blood cells count (WBC), lymphocytes, haematocrit, hemoglobin, mean cell volume (MCV), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH) mean cell haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), plasma protein, albumin, globulin, A-G ratio and cholesterol were estimated. Statistical analysis revealed that these parameters were marginally different (P>0.05) within the groups except WBC that were significantly lower (P<0.05) in treated groups compared with the control. However the values recorded for the parameters in all the groups were within haematological values recommended for cultured African Catfish. This suggests that the leaf powder of Chromolaena odorata fed as feed additives may be safe and non-toxic at low inclusion rates of 0.5 - 3.0% and had no negative impact on the health status of the African Catfish.

Introduction

The western region of Nigeria is endowed with rich vegetation and medicinal plants. The ethnic groups of the region have long experience in plant based traditional medicinal practices. All civilizations have always had traditions of using herbs to promote healing. Ates DA, et al. [1] reported that plants still remain the basis for development of modern drugs and medicinal plants have been used for years in daily life to treat diseases all over the world. According to Ayitey-Smith E [2] traditional medicine evolved from environmental resources, which the people of a community adapted in desperation for survival from disease. On the African continent, traditional medical practices date as far back as 4000 years. It was the sole medical system for health care before the advent of orthodox or modern medicine. Even in this present technological era, traditional medicine is still the predominant means in the third world for the preservation of health of the rural majority who constitute over 70% of the total population. Scientific reports had shown that leaves of plants are major sources of antioxidants, antimicrobials and phytochemicals with medicinal values [3, 4]. Robinson T [5] reported that plants produce compounds which have no apparent function in the primary metabolism of the plant and Tyler confirmed the extensive history of use of these compounds as therapeutic agents. Thus, some research workers, [6, 7, 8] advocated for the importance of characterizing different types of medicinal plants for their antioxidant and antimicrobial potential.

Numerous studies have shown that aromatic and medicinal plants are sources of diverse nutrient and non- nutrient molecules, many of which display antioxidant properties and can protect the animal and human body against both cellular oxidation reaction and pathogen. The medicinal values of these plants lie in their phytochemical components, which produce definite physiological actions on the human body and some research workers, Hill & Phan TT, et al. [9] reported that the most important of these phytochemicals are alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. Supplementation of the aqua feed with medicinal plants can reduce the excessive use of chemicals in aquaculture which can be a contributory factor towards development of antibiotic resistance which have been criticized [10, 11]. Going by the popular saying ‘let your food be your medicine and let your medicine be your food’. A number of plants have been continued to be investigated for their potential in supplementing animal diets for growth promotion and prevention of diseases. The greens (green plants of various sources) have long been recognized as the cheapest and most abundant potential source of proteins because of their ability to synthesize amino acids from a wide range of virtually unlimited and readily available primary materials such as water, CO2, atmospheric N2 (as in legumes) [12, 13].

Among these medicinal plants is Chromolaena odorata [(L) King and Robinson] belongs to the family Asteraceae, commonly known as Siam weed, is of neo-tropical origin. It was regarded as one of the worst weeds in the Old World tropics and subtropics [14, 15]. Its common name in Southwestern, Nigeria includes ‘Awolowo’ ‘Akintola’ ‘Independence weed’ [16, 17]. In traditional medicine, it is used as: antispasmodic, anti-protozoal, anti-trypanosomal, astringent, diuretic, hepatotropic, antifungal and antibacterial agents [9, 18]. Nwokolo E [19] reported that proximate analysis of C. odorata showed that it could serve as a good source of energy, flavor, minerals, protein and dietary fibre thereby contributing to the palatability and supplementation of feed in animal nutrition. This may account for the usage of the plant in livestock production. Fasuyi AO, et al. [20] reported that dietary inclusion level of up to 5% of C. odorata in layers diet seemed to support a desirable health status as indicated in the haematological and biochemical parameters studied. However, much has not been done on usage of these medicinal plants in aquatic farming. In an experiment carried out on effect of C. odorata on growth performance of African Catfish (not yet published), it was discovered that growth parameters of African catfish fingerlings fed diet supplemented with C. odorata as feed additives improved growth performance of African Catfish fingerlings compared with the control. However, the effect of this medicinal plant on health status of the African Catfish is yet to be investigated.

Hematological parameters have been associated with health indices and have been employed in effectively monitoring the responses of organisms to stressors and thus its health status under such adverse conditions [21]. Fedato, et al. reported that haematological tests are used to establish normal health status and to diagnose diseases caused by various factors namely heavy metals, environmental stress, parasitic infections, and genotoxic effect of pollutants, nutrition, and pollution in human and veterinary science. Some research workers [22, 23] pointed it out that haematological parameters were valuable tools for the monitoring of fish health. Although some research workers (Silveira and Rigores) also Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

reported that the standardization of haematological parameters is difficult in fish because these parameters can be influenced by deficient diets, diseases and environmental stress situations. Nevertheless, the analysis of these parameters may be used in monitoring the health status and improve the diagnosis of fish health [24, 25]. This present study therefore explored the heamological and biochemical indices of African Catfish fed with varying levels of the leaf meal of C. odorata in their diets in order to elucidate more on its nutritional potentialities vis-a-vis its health status implication on African Catfish. It is also hoped that the publication will stimulate interest for further research in medicinal plants that can be useful in aquatic farming in view of abundant medicinal plants in our vicinity for the purpose of reducing chemical and hormones (which had been criticized for their negative impacts) used in aquatic farming to ensure food safety.

Materials and Methods

Collection of Plant and Preparation of Plant Powder

Fresh leaves of C. odorata were collected from their natural habitats in Southwestern University, Okun-owa environs, Ogun State, Nigeria in the month of September, 2014. The samples were identified and authenticated in the Department of Botany, University of Ibadan. The voucher specimen (UIH - 22521) was deposited in the University of Ibadan, herbarium. The plant was shade dried and grounded to fine powder using electric grinder.

PhytochemicalsChromolaena odorata
Alkaloids+ + +
Tannin+ + +
Phlobatannin+ +
Saponin+ + +
Flavonoids+
Anthraquinones_
Steroids+
Terpenes+
Cardenolides_
Phenol+ + +
Chalcones_
Cardiac glycoside++

Table 3: Proximate analysis of _Chromolaena odorata._ The phyto-qualitative (Table 1) and proximate analysis (Table 2) were carri

Moisture (%)9.26
Fiber (%)15.28
Fat (%)3.56
Protein (%)18.86
Ash (%)11.76
Carbohydrate (%)41.28

Table 1: Proximate analysis of _Chromolaena odorata._ The phyto-qualitative (Table 1) and proximate analysis (Table 2) were carri

Table 2: Proximate analysis of Chromolaena odorata. The phyto-qualitative (Table 1) and proximate analysis (Table 2) were carried out on the plant dried sample using standard procedure to identify the plant constituents as described by Harborne JB [26]; Trease GE, et al. and Sofowora A [27, 28]. Plant extracts were analyzed chemically according to the official methods of analysis described by the Association of Official Analytical Chemist [29]. All analyses were carried out in duplicate.

Experimental Diets

C. odorata processed as earlier discussed was used as feed additive in the diet formulation. Other feed ingredients were purchased from reputable sources in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria.

Ingredients%
Yellow corn35.0
Soybean meal (44%)28.5
Fish meal (65%)17.0
Wheat bran9.5
Calcium Carbonate0.3
Ground lime stone0.7
Vegetable Oil6.5
Mineral mixture1.7
Vitamin mixture1.0
Nutrients composition%
Dry matter (DM)90.40
Crude protein (CP)30.65
Ether extract (EE)11.73
Ash2.70
Crude fiber10.11
Nitrogen free extract (NFE)44.81
Gross energy (Kcal/100 g DM) (GE)*467.77
Protein/energy (P/E) ratio (mg CP/Kcal GE)*65.52

Table 2: Ingredients and Proximate Chemical Analysis (% on dry matter basis) of the Experimental basal diet.

NFE (Nitrogen free extract) = 100 – (protein + lipid + ash + crude fibre). GE (Kcal/100 g DM) = CP x 5.64 + EE x 9.44 + NFE x 4.11 calculated according to NRC (1993), * not in percentage. Table 3: Ingredients and Proximate Chemical Analysis (% on dry matter basis) of the Experimental basal diet.

Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

The results of the proximate compositions earlier determined were used in the eventual formulation of the different diets. Four iso-nitrogenous (35% crude protein) and nearly iso-caloric aqua feed were formulated with the feed ingredients shown in Table 3. Diet 1 was the control diet without the C. odorata powder in the diet. Diets 2, 3 and 4 were formulated such that C. odorata was introduced into the diets at graduated levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0% respectively.

Management of Experimental Fish and Experimental Design

Eighty four African Catfish juvenile of both sex (mean weight 117.3 ± 1.57 g; mean length 26.70 ± 0.26 cm) were sourced from a private fish farm at Olodo town in Oyo State, Nigeria. The fish were acclimatized for 14 days in 500L capacity circular tank fed with a locally formulated diet of 35% crude protein that did not contain herbal extract and no history of herbal feeding from the farm where fish were sourced. Afterward, they were randomly allotted into individual plastic tanks, replicated thrice under four dietary treatments. Seven fish were used per replicate making twenty one fish per treatment. The experimental fish were fed at their 5% body weight twice daily for forty two days. The water quality parameters were maintained within recommended limits according to recommendation of Boyd CE during this study [30].

Blood Collection for Analysis

At the end of the feeding trial, blood samples were collected from three fish randomly selected from each replicate with heparinized plastic syringe, fitted with 21 gauge hypodermic needle and preserved in disodium salt of ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) bottles for analysis. The Blaxhall PC, et al. [24], Brown and Wedemeyer, et al. haematological methods were adopted for this study. The cyano-haemoglobin method was used to determine haemoglobin (Hb) using diagnostic kits from Sigma diagnostics USA, and packed cell volume (PCV) was determined by the microhaematocrit method. Red blood cell (RBC) count was determined with the improved Neubauer haemocytometer according to Dacie JV, et al. [31]. White blood cells (WBC) was determined with the improved Neubauer counter, while differential counts such as neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were determined on blood film stained with Giemsa stain. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were derived from the RBC, PCV and Hb using standard formulae [32]. MCV was calculated in femtoliters = PCV/RBC x 10, MCH was calculated in picograms = Hb/RBC x10 and MCHC = (Hb in 100mg blood / Hct) x 100. The serum proteins (measured in milligram per decilitre) were determined using spectrophotometer (Technicon, RA-1000, USA).

Data Analysis

All statistical analyses were performed with Graph Pad Prism statistical software Version 5.1. All data are presented as means with standard error (SEM). The data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, and differences among mean values were considered significant at α < 0.05 with Tukey test used to compare differences among individual means (Figures 1-13).

Figure 1: Red Blood Cells – RBC (cells × 106/L) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 1: Red Blood Cells – RBC (cells × 106/L) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.

Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

Figure 2: Packed Cell Volume – PCV (%) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 2: Packed Cell Volume – PCV (%) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 3: Haemoglobin Concentration – Hb (g/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 3: Haemoglobin Concentration – Hb (g/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 4: MCV (fl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 4: MCV (fl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.

Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

Figure 5: MCH (pg) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 5: MCH (pg) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 6: MCHC (g/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 6: MCHC (g/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 7: WBC (x 103µl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 7: WBC (x 103µl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.

Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

Figure 8: Lymphocyte (%) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 8: Lymphocyte (%) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 9: Total Protein (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 9: Total Protein (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 10: Albumin (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 10: Albumin (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.

Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

Figure 11: Globulin (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 11: Globulin (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 12: A-G Ratio of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 12: A-G Ratio of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
Figure 13: Cholesterol (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.
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Figure 13: Cholesterol (mg/dl) of African Catfish fed different concentrations of C. odorata as feed additives.

Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

Results and Discussion

The normal physiological regime of the fish body may be subjected to change, attributable to nutrition. Fedato et al. reported that the nutritive status of fish can be linked to their health condition and potential way they deal with stress resulting from their surrounding environment. Previous haematological studies of nutritional effects brought the knowledge that erythrocytes, PCV and Hb are the major and reliable indicators of various sources of stress [33] and these parameters decrease in the presence of anti-nutritional factors [34]. Oyawoye EO, et al. [35] pointed out that haematological components of blood are valuable in monitoring feed toxicity especially with feed constituents that affect the formation of blood in culture fisheries. The red blood cells count (RBC), haematocrit (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) concentration vary with diet as well as temperature, season of the year and nutritional status of the fish.

The erythrocytes count ranged between 2.16 – 3.42 x106 µl (Figure 1) recorded in this experiment is within the range of (2.3 - 2.9 x 106 µl) and (1.5 x 106 µl) described for catfish by Gabriel UU, et al. and Adeyemo O, et al. respectively [36, 37]. The highest value of 3.42x 106µl recorded for group of fish fed with 30g/kg of C. odorata was similar to observations noted by Dada AA, et al. [38] who recorded the value of 3.50 ± 0.35 x 106 μl when ethanoic extracts of Garcinia kola seeds were fed to Clarias gariepinus brood stock. In this present study, values recorded could be due to higher activity displayed by the fish as explained by Svobodova Z, et al. [39] who reported that active species displayed high haematological parameters values when compared to low active species. RBC is the dominant cell type in the blood of the majority of fish species and low values suggesting low activity of cultured fish [39].

Regarding the hematocrit values in this present experiment there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the values recorded within the group when compared with control treatment however highest value of 30.33±0.667% was recorded in the group of fish fed on 30g/kg of of C. odorata (D3) while lowest value (23.67±1.45%) of hematocrit was obtained in group of fish fed on 10g/kg of C. odorata (D2). The values observed in the treated fish were within the normal range of haematocrit for African Catfish as reported by some workers [40, 41] that normal values were usually range between 20% and 35% and rarely attain greater than 50%. These values observed were also within the range reported by some researchers [42] for Heterobranchus longifillis young adults raised in Umudike, South East, Nigeria.

Haemoglobin levels observed in this experiment were marginally different (P>0.05) in treated fish with highest value of 9.60±0.379 g/dl and lowest values of 7.40±0.0611g/dl recorded in the group of fish fed D3 and D2, respectively. Haemoglobin has the physiological function of transporting oxygen to tissues of the animal for oxidation of ingested food so as to release energy for the other body functions as well as transport carbon dioxide out of the body of animals [43, 44, 45, 46]. In this experiment, no significant difference in Hb concentration was observed in fish fed C. odorata as feed additive when compared with control, however, the Hb concentration values observed in this experiment were similar to what were observed by Omitoyin BO [47] when African catfish juvenile were fed poultry litter. The results were also similar to what were obtained by Osuigwe SI, et al. [34] when fed fenugreek Clarias gariepinus with Jackbean meal based diets. Mohan A, et al. [48], reported values as low as 5.47-5.68 g/dl in three commercially important freshwater fishes captured in river Cauvery Velur, Namakkal district, Tamil Nadu, India. Some workers [49, 50, 51] explained that the low Hb values could be associated with low active fishes. Blaxhall PC, et al. [24] reported the essence of using haematocrit to detect anaemic condition in fishes. In addition to the Packed Cell Volume (PCV), or hematocrit and actual number of red cells present in circulating blood, certain comparative measurements are also used to differentiate the various types of anaemia. These are the mean corpuscular volume (MCV), or the average volume of erythrocytes expressed in cubic microns or fl, the mean corpuscular heamoglobin (MCH), or the haemoglobin content of the erythrocytes expressed in microns or pg; and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), or the concentration of haemoglobin expressed in percent or g/dl and these were calculated from obtained hematological data. In this present study, highest values of 111.0±6.73fl, 34.62±2.14 pg and 33.04±1.15% were recorded for MCV, MCH and MCHC respectively. The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) range recorded in this experiment was higher than 79.20 to 105.32 fl reported for Heteroclarias [52], meanwhile the mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) recorded in this study compared fairly well with 30.70% reported for C. gariepinus from Asejire dam [53] and also within the range of 30 to 66% reported by Mohan A, et al. [48]. The MCH values obtained in this study was higher than the range 20.82 to 26.60 pg reported for Hetero clarias fed Carica papaya leaf meal incorporated feed [52]. All the values of erythrocytes, PCV and Hb observed in Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

this study were within the recommended physiological ranges reported for C. gariepinus as reported by some workers cited an indication that C. gariepinus are tolerant to C. odorata at 0.5%, 1.0% and 3.0% concentration. Minor variations observed could be due to effect of bioactive compounds of the plant on the fish, environmental conditions or management techniques.

The results of White blood cells (WBC) recorded in this experiment ranged from 14.13± 1.272 x 103µl in group of fish fed 5g/kg C. odorata to 14.38± 1.653 x 103µl in group of fish fed 10g/kg C. odorata and the values recorded were significantly lower (P<0.05) compared with the value of 16.52± 0.956 x 103µl observed in group of fish fed without C. odorata additives. However, the values observed were higher than the highest value of 7.90 × 103 µl recorded for WBC in fish fed diet containing 50% M. olifera leaf meal [54].The lymphocyte count recorded ranged from 59.33 ± 2.333% to 69.67± 1.801% with highest value observed in the control group. White blood cells (WBC) and lymphocytes are the defense cells of the body. Douglas JW, et al. [54] demonstrated that the amount has implication in immune responses and the ability of the animal to fight infection. The primary function of WBC’s is to defend the body against foreign pathogenic organisms The major functions of the white blood cell and its differentials are to fight infections, defend the body by phagocytosis against invasion by foreign organisms and to produce or at least transport and distribute antibodies in immune response. Thus, animals with low white blood cells are exposed to high risk of disease infection, while those with high counts are capable of generating antibodies in the process of phagocytosis and have high degree of resistance to diseases [45] and enhance adaptability to local environmental and disease prevalent conditions [46, 55, 56]. There is wide range in reported number of total leukocytes in apparently normal African Catfish. In this present study, WBC counts were within the range recorded for normal African Catfish. This result agrees with the findings of Ndong D, et al. [57] who reported that WBC counts increased significantly in juvenile hybrid tilapia fish fed 1% and 0.5% garlic supplemented diet. High WBC count is usually associated with microbial infection or the presence of foreign body or antigen in the circulating system [35]. The values, range from 14.13× 103µl to 14.38× 103 µl recoded in this study were higher than what were reported by Dienye HE, et al. [58] who reported range of 7.20 × 103 µl to 8.02 × 103 µl when Moringa Oleifera leaf meal was fed to African Catfish and value obtained were not up to 41.1±11.05 × 103 µl referenced by Erhunmwunze NO, et al. [59] when some blood parameters of African catfish were characterized. The difference observed could be due to different in age of experimental fish, effect of the feed additives and/or environmental conditions.

The biochemical analyses can be also used to detect the health of fish [60, 61]. In this study, the level of plasma protein observed in all the groups range from 5.60 ±0.58mg/dl to 6.03 ±0.27 mg/dl. The level of Plasma protein observed were marginally different (P>0.05) among the treated fish. This finding is within the range of earlier reports that total plasma protein in fish could vary from 2-8gd-1 [62]. The globulin and albumin values are related, in that the two are combined to know the level of protein in the blood stream [63]. Values, which are lower or higher than the normal ranges indicate serious health conditions. According to Omitoyin OB [64], a significant increase in the values of plasma electrolyte of sodium, chloride, phosphate: excretory products of urea and creatinine; globulin and albumin/globulin ratio are suggestible of abnormal physiological function of metabolism in fish. The values obtained for albumin and globulin in this present study were within the normal ranges for C. gariepinus as reported by Adams SM, et al. [65] who reported the normal range for total protein to be between 3 -6 mg/100 ml but slightly above 3.8 mg ± 0.11 mg/100 ml, reference value reported by Adeyemo O, et al. [37] normal range for total protein to be between 3g- 6 mg/100 ml but slightly above 3.8 mg ± 0.11 mg/100 ml, reference value reported by Adeyemo O, et al. [37]. The increase in the serum protein, albumin and globulin contents recorded in group of fish fed with 10g/kg C. odorata reflect strong innate immunity as described by Jha AK, et al. [66]. These findings are in agreement with the finding of Nya EJ, et al. [67] and this suggested that C. odorata and included at rate of 0.5-1.0% improved the immune response of African Catfish. The value of Cholesterol 112.33± 2.33 observed in the group of fish fed with 10g/kg C. odorata decreased significantly (P<0.05) compared with control group with 165.33± 6.78. No mortality was recorded throughout the duration of the experiment and this should allay the fear of death following the consumption of C. odorata by fish. This might not be unconnected with the reduction of the anti- nutrient factors in the leaves by air-drying.

Conclusion

This investigation revealed that 0.5-1.0 % C. odorata fed as feed additive in diet of African Catfish (C. gariepinus) juveniles had no adverse toxicological effect on the fish as proved through the haematological indices. Use of C. Tiamiyu AM, et al. Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana Odorata as Feed Additives. Int J Oceanogr Aquac 2019, 3(2): 000167.

odorata as feed additives could also reduce feed cost to the fish farmer, whose most important production cost comes from feed. It is expected that this result will stimulate a series of studies on the utilization of medicinal plants as feed additives in diets for fishes. In the last decade, there is increased public aware-ness on detrimental effect of antibiotics to human consumers as a result of emergence of antibiotics resistant bacterial strains and antibiotics residue in food fish, led to banning of the use of antibiotics as growth promoters in aquaculture diets in advanced countries of the world.

Acknowledgment

We would like to express our deepest thanks to all staff of F. M Sanusi Aqualife Farms, Olodo Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria for providing Specimens used in this study and technical advice. Also our profound gratitude goes to Technical Staff of Department of Pathology (Clinical Pathology Unit), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria for their cooperation and technical assistance.

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@article{tiamiyu2019,
  title   = {Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African
Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana
Odorata as Feed Additives},
  author  = {Tiamiyu AM, Olatoye IO and Adedeji OB},
  journal = {International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture},
  year    = {2019},
  volume  = {3},
  number  = {2},
  doi     = {10.23880/ijoac-16000167}
}
Tiamiyu AM, Olatoye IO and Adedeji OB (2019). Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African
Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana
Odorata as Feed Additives. International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture, 3(2). https://doi.org/10.23880/ijoac-16000167
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Study of Some Haematological and Serum Protein of African
Catfish (Clarias Gariepinus) Juveniles Fed with Chromoleana
Odorata as Feed Additives
AU  - Tiamiyu AM, Olatoye IO and Adedeji OB
JO  - International Journal of Oceanography & Aquaculture
PY  - 2019
VL  - 3
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.23880/ijoac-16000167
ER  -