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International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology Research Article 5 min read

Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [1/4]

Moumaris M*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2639-216X  10.23880/izab-16000425  Received: December 02, 2022  Published: December 15, 2022
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Keywords
Borrelia Bacterium Spirochete Gram- Negative Bacterium
Abstract

Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, is a polymorphic disease associating cutaneous, neurological, cardiac, and articular symptoms. Lyme disease syndrome is erythema migrans, fever, headaches, tiredness, musculoskeletal pain, and cognitive complaints

Editorial

Lyme disease, also called Lyme borreliosis, is a polymorphic disease associating cutaneous, neurological, cardiac, and articular symptoms. Lyme disease syndrome is erythema migrans, fever, headaches, tiredness, musculoskeletal pain, and cognitive complaints [1]. Lyme disease was first discovered in 1975 by Allen Caruthers Steere in Lyme City, Connecticut, in the United States. The bacterium Spirochete, carried by Ixodes ticks causing Lyme disease, was first discovered in 1982 by Willy Burgdorfer [2, 3, 4, 5]. The French physician and microbiologist Amédée Borrel is the first who characterizes the Borrelia Spirochete [6].

Lyme disease is a zoonotic disease caused by the Borrelia bacteria. This bacterium uses ticks and lice as vectors [7]. It is transmitted to vertebrate hosts by the bites of tick-borne of the genus Ixodes [8]. It is a bacterium from the phylum Spirochaetota, a genus of the Borreliaceae family that belongs to the Spirochaetales order, which is Spirochaetia class. Taxonomy is based on structural features and genomic criteria by molecular phylogenetic analysis of sequence data, like phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA. Borrelia is a spiral bacterium with helical morphologies and a gram-negative bacterium. Their outer membrane contains Ops proteins responsible for their virulence. The inner membrane and periplasmic peptidoglycan possessed flagellates for moving. The Borrelia genome is composed of linear chromosomes, linear plasmids, and circular plasmids (Figure 1).

Figure 1
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Figure 1

Lyme disease is a zoonosis tick-borne disease of the genus Ixodes. During attachment, Ticks bite a host patient and ingest Borrelia species. By blood-feeding of ticks, Borrelia species penetrate the midgut and migrates to the salivary glands enhancing infection. Tick saliva increases the virulence of tick-borne infection agents. Many interesting tick saliva molecules like OspA, which binds to the tick receptors, are vaccine candidates for Lyme disease (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Ticks (kingdom Animalia, phylum Arthropoda, subphylum Chelicerata, class Arachnida, superorder Parasitoformes, order Ixodida, superfamily Ixodoidea, family Ixodidea, genus Ixodes). This image is licensed under creative commons attribution 2.0.
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Figure 2: Ticks (kingdom Animalia, phylum Arthropoda, subphylum Chelicerata, class Arachnida, superorder Parasitoformes, order Ixodida, superfamily Ixodoidea, family Ixodidea, genus Ixodes). This image is licensed under creative commons attribution 2.0.

These editorials highlight the clinical, epidemiology, and diagnosis of tick-borne pathogenic Borrelia. Ticks’ role in transmitting Lyme disease is significant, so highlighting the infectious agents tick-borne to humans and animals is primordial [9]. There are two barriers to tick-borne Lyme disease, the host’s immunity to tick bites and the tick’s immunity to pathogens [10]. In Lyme disease, exposure of the host’s immune system to the bacterium Borrelia induces chronic immune disease. Many targeting molecules have a role in modulating the immunity system against Lyme disease [11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26].

Accurate and rapid diagnosis with high sensitivities is one of the challenges in the medical field of infectious diseases for quick treatment in infected patients. The detection of the humoral immune response against Borrelia burgdorferi infection is based on the detection of antibody response to diagnose Lyme disease. The early diagnosis of Lyme disease remains a significant concern.

Acknowledgments

The author acknowledges Mrs. Norri Zahra and Mr. Regragui Moumaris.

References

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@article{moumaris2022,
  title   = {Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [1/4]},
  author  = {Moumaris M},
  journal = {International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology},
  year    = {2022},
  volume  = {5},
  number  = {6},
  doi     = {10.23880/izab-16000425}
}
Moumaris M (2022). Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [1/4]. International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology, 5(6). https://doi.org/10.23880/izab-16000425
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Lyme Disease: A Zoonosis Tick-Borne Borrelia Bacterium [1/4]
AU  - Moumaris M
JO  - International Journal of Zoology and Animal Biology
PY  - 2022
VL  - 5
IS  - 6
DO  - 10.23880/izab-16000425
ER  -