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Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences Research Article 15 min read

Assessment of Risk Factors in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B

Niknamian S*
* Corresponding author
ISSN: 2689-7822  10.23880/oajmms-16000150  Received: November 29, 2021  Published: December 21, 2021
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Introduction

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major public health problem and it is estimated that between 350 and 400 million people worldwide suffering from chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection [1, 2]. Annually, about one million people die from chronic hepatitis B virus infection [3, 4]. Hepatitis B carriers are reported from 0.1% to 20% in different regions of the world that the highest prevalence of chronic hepatitis B is in the Middle East and Asia [5]. The prevalence of chronic hepatitis B in Iran is between 2% and 7% [6], which is among the hypernomedema and hypovomidemia areas [7], Chronic hepatitis B along with hepatic cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes a mortality of between 0.5 and 1.3 million per year [8, 9]. In Iran, 1.5 million people are infected with hepatitis B, of which 15-40% is prone to cirrhosis of the liver or hepatocellular carcinoma in the future [10]. In Iran, 46% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 51% with cirrhosis have been reported as positive HBsAg [11]. In addition, hepatitis B virus is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis (70-80%) in the country [2]. To have an effective strategy to prevent hepatitis B, knowing the most common means of transmission in every country is essential, since many people with hepatitis are asymptomatic, the importance of risk control programs are further realized. Despite the availability of an effective vaccine, hepatitis B virus infection remains an important health problem [11]. Blood and blood products are the principal ways of HBV transmission the same as hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Vertical and horizontal transmissions are the significant routes of intra-familial transmission of HBV [12, 13, 14], in hyperendemic areas of the world. Sexual contact is the main transmission reason of Hepatitis B virus in Western Europe and North America [15]. Minor injuries by needles in health staff, shared needles, haemodialysis, dental surgery, transmission of blood products, bloodletting, ear and nose piercing practices, tattooing and contact with body fluid or mucosa of HBV carriers (e.g. staff in clinical laboratories) have been related with increased risk of transmission [15].

However, about 30% of hepatitis B cannot be associated with a distinguishable risk factor in the adults [16]. In the Islamic Republic of Iran, 46% of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and 51% of who with cirrhosis are reported to be HBsAg positive [17]. In addition, HBV is recognized as the most frequent reason (70%-80%) of chronic hepatitis in the country. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a prime health problem in spite of the availability of a practicable vaccine. Surely, finding the key routes of hepatitis transmission from the point of prevention in every country is of great importance. Many hepatitis patients do not show any symptoms [18]. Considering the potency of HBV elimination, finding the routes of transmission and knowing the target population on whom we should have put a great emphasis are the health priorities to [19, 20]. The purpose of this study was to investigate risk factors in patients with chronic hepatitis B and their relation with the incidence of disease.

Patients and Methods

This cross-sectional study was conducted during 2017 to 2018 on 174 HBV patients who came to Shahid Mohammadi hospital hepatitis clinic in the city of Bandar Abbas, Iran.

We also use different methods to identification of HBV in patient that included: routine screening, blood donation, signs and symptoms, positive cases in family, screening tests due to the increasing ALT and screening tests before surgery.

Information was collected by interviewing patients by researcher-made questionnaire. A questionnaire including demographic and socioeconomic data and risk factors of hepatitis B including age, gender, level of education, job, jail history, history of contact with suspected HBV persons, having extramarital sexual relationship, and etc. were collected.

Anthropometric information was measured including: weight, height, waist and hip via the following method. The body weight was measured using a Seca digital scale and accurately of 0.1 kg with minimum dress and no shoe. Height was also measured by tape meter and with an accuracy of 0.1 cm in standing position, in which the shoulders of the individual were in normal position and without footwear, and the body mass index was calculated by dividing the weight (kg) into square of height (m). Waist circumference was measured at the narrowest waist area and hip circumference in the most prominent hips area with minimum dress and with a tape meter and accurately 0.1 cm. Waist–hip ratios (WHR) index was calculated by dividing waist circumference to hip circumference.

Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS, version 21, software package (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL). Data are reported as mean ± standard deviation or number (%) for continuous and categorical data, respectively. Statistical analysis was also performed using χ2 and T test for categorical variables. P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

During the period of this study from 2017 to 2018, total of 174 patients with chronic hepatitis B were identified in our center. The mean age of subjects was 42.96±15.33 years, 97 (55.7) were men and 77 (44.3) were women. The age frequency distribution of patients with chronic hepatitis B showed that the prevalence of this disease was highest in the age group of 25-34 and at the age of 34-44 (Table 1). The results of comparing the place of residence, education level, marital status, profession, nationality and indigenous of patients are summarized in (Table 2).

ParametersFrequencyPercent
GenderMale9755.7
Female7744.3
LocalUrban9051.7
Rural8448.3
EducationUneducated3520.1
Primary3721.3
High school3721.3
Diploma3017.2
Post-diploma3520.1
NationalityIranian16796
Non-Iranian74
IndigenousYes13074.7
No44253
ProfessionHousewives31.7
Self-employed5330.5
Employee84.6
University Student21.1
School Student21.1
Jobless9655.2
Retired105.7
Marital statusSingle3017.2
Married14181
Divorced31.7

Table 1: Demographic characteristics and risk of having disease in the subjects.

Age GroupsNumberPercent
15-24148
25-344727
35-444123.6
45-542614.9
55-642614.9
≥652011.5

Table 2: Age frequency distribution of participants.

According to the results of independent t-test, there was no significant difference between the male and female in mean of weight, height, waist circumference, hip circumference, BMI and WHR (P> 0.05) (Table 3). The highest rate of disease was observed in the group with BMI of 18.5-24.9, and the highest incidence of chronic hepatitis B was observed in women and men with WHR> 0.85 and 0.95, respectively (Table 4). The results showed that there was no significant relationship between the disease and anthropometric indices (P> 0.05).

ParametersCHB (n=174)Control (n=104)P Value
Weight69.60±13.7970.48±12.840.629
Height168.85±7.82166.99±7.790.084
Wasit87.48±13.7985.75±13.410.356
Hip98.33±11.4899.03±13.510.683
BMI24.33±4.3025.26±3.790.102
WHR0.89±0.090.87±0.080.124
CHB (n=174)Control (n=104)P Value
BMI Groups
WHR Groups (Female-Male)		18.5>
18.5-24.9
25-29.9
>30
0.80≥
0.81-0.85
>0.85
0.95≥
0.96-1.00
>1.00		15
80
60
19
25
10
36
72
15
16		4
44
40
16
15
12
27
36
7
7		0.375
0.592

Table 3: Anthropometric indices and risk of developing disease in subjects.

Risk FactorFrequencyPercent
Intravenous drug use42.3
Pregnancy2313.2
Vertical Transmission2112.1
Family history of HBV positive in patients4626.4
History Dialises00
Jail42.3
Tattooing31.7
Piercing148
History of hairdressers5632.2
Endoscopy1910.9
Colonoscopy21.1
Surgery2112.1
Dentist visit4626.4
Water pipe2112.1
Smoking179.8
Alcohol consumption00
Vaccination history5330.5
Hospitalization42.3
HIV disease in patients at the same time00
HCV disease in patients at the same time00
Family history of HIV positive in patients00
Family history of HCV positive in patients00
Phlebotomy (Hejamat)00
Needle stick10.6
Addiction42.3
Health workers95.2
Contact with suspected HBV persons5229.9
Blood transfusion and blood products history84.6
Injection Drug Addicts21.1
Unsafe sexual practices and dubious52.9

Table 4: Possible risk factors among HBV seropositive individuals.

The descriptive characteristics of subjects such as intravenous drug use, pregnancy, vertical transmission, family history of HBV positive in patients, history dialyses, jail, tattooing, piercing, history of hairdressers, endoscopy, colonoscopy, surgery, dentist visit, water pipe, smoking, alcohol consumption, vaccination history, hospitalization, HIV disease in patients at the same time, HCV disease in patients at the same time, family history of HIV positive in patients, family history of HCV positive in patients, phlebotomy (hejamat), needle stick, addiction, health workers, contact with suspected HBV persons, blood transfusion and blood products history, injection drug addicts and Unsafe sexual practices and dubious were found as risk factors in univariate analysis (Table 5).

Discussion

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most common form of chronic hepatitis and it is the eminent cause of chronic liver disease and liver-related deaths [21]. The prevalence of hepatitis B is 5% in the world which makes it one of the most prevalent infectious diseases. HBV is transmitted through both vertical and horizontal routes. Nowadays the horizontal routes are much more importantm, however vertical routes are reported as a very common route in Iran [10].

Vaccination is the most efficient method to prevent HBV infection and the most members of the World Health Organization have performed universal HBV vaccination programs. In a study conducted in Iran, the general prevalence rate showed no significant decrease before and after vaccination of children, however in the age group 2-14 years the rate decline significantly from 1.3% to 0.8% during 8 years [22]. Our results show the similar percentage, and the rate of CHBV was lower in children.

The prevalence of HBV infection in this study is quite different among nations and indigenous people, and they were higher in Iranian and indigenous people compared to non- Iranian and non- indigenous people. Males were at higher risk of HBV infection compared to females. It has been suggested that estrogen may play an important role in the protection and resistance of hepatic cells against the development of chronic liver disease22. In addition, the association between male gender and hepatitis B is probably the result of greater exposure to risky sexual behavior among men, a hypothesis reinforced by the higher prevalence of other sexually transmitted diseases among these individuals [23].

Lower education was related to the presence of HBV infection. The association between hepatitis B and lower education has been previously reported in international studies. Schooling is one indicator of socioeconomic status and these results probably reflect that a greater exposure to HBV occurs in situations including poverty and less access to information regarding preventive measures [24].

The factors associated with obesity in chronic hepatitis B patients are not related to the progression of the disease. High BMI (>25 kg/m2) is an independent risk factor for the development of HCC in people with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) [25]. Obesity is associated with recurrence of HCC and liver-related complications in CHC patients [26]. On the other hand obesity is not a risk factor for HCC development in CHB patients [27]. In study on the 1543 HBV-related HCC patients, obesity is not associated with mortality in patients treated with surgical removal of HBV-related HCC [28]. In this study, BMI and WHR were measured and statistical analysis showed they have no positive effect on the incidence of chronic hepatitis B infection. The highest incidence of chronic hepatitis B was in people with normal BMI and WHR.

Our results show that there were no cases of hepatitis B in history of HCV disease in patients at the same time and Family history of HIV positive in patients.

Recognizing risk factors for HBV infection is crucial for development of control measures. Different studies have shown that sexual and injection exposures are the main risk factors of HBV infection among adolescents and adults in countries of low or intermediate endemicity [29, 30, 31, 32]. In contrast, in our study sexual exposure and reusing syringes among drug addicts were ranked among the least probable risk factors of infection. This most probably doesn’t exactly reflect the reality as much as it reflects the conservative nature of our society. The major sources of infection in our study were history of hairdressers, vaccination history and contact with suspected HBV persons.

Some groups, such as health care workers, especially surgeons, nurses, dentists, policemen, barbers, and drivers are at higher risk of acquiring HBV infection in our region [23]. In this study jobless and self-employee were found to be associated with higher risk of being chronically infected with hepatitis B virus. Certain jobs, lifestyles and cultural matters seem to be independent risk factors for HBV infection [33].

In Mexico, tattooing is considered among the risk factors [34]. In gypsy communities, it is suggested that tattooing could be a significant factor in relation to the transmission of hepatitis B [35]. In our study, it was found as a risk factor in 1.7% of patients.

Familial contact with HBV-infected patients play an significant role in horizontal HBV transmission, as the result of our study show 26.4% of participant had a history of HBV positive in the patient’s family. In Romania and in Thailand

the most important risk factor for HBV infection was contact with an infected person. In Greece, one of the major independent risk factors was interfamilial exposure [36, 37, 38].

The main recommendation of this study is to have a governmental education and media campaign about the risks of HBV infection, routes of transmission and methods of protection. The government can make use of the health and media experts across the country to formulate new plans for the educational and media campaign. Furthermore, increasing HBV vaccination of high risk groups, screening HBV infection during pregnancy, and surveillance of hepatitis B infected individuals will further decrease the prevalence of the disease in Iran.

Conclusion

As identified in this study, there is a requirement for increasing the awareness and prevention of contracting and transmitting HBV infection. Also, there is a need to incorporate screening for HbsAg and vaccination against HBV. We highly recommend a meta-analysis of risk factors in each separate area that seems to be helpful and useful in providing and preparing data about transmission routes and surveillance of hepatitis B infection.

Conflict of Interest: There are no conflicts of interest.

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@article{niknamian2021,
  title   = {Assessment of Risk Factors in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B},
  author  = {Niknamian S},
  journal = {Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences},
  year    = {2021},
  volume  = {4},
  number  = {2},
  doi     = {10.23880/oajmms-16000150}
}
Niknamian S (2021). Assessment of Risk Factors in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B. Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.23880/oajmms-16000150
TY  - JOUR
TI  - Assessment of Risk Factors in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B
AU  - Niknamian S
JO  - Open Access Journal of Mycology & Mycological Sciences
PY  - 2021
VL  - 4
IS  - 2
DO  - 10.23880/oajmms-16000150
ER  -